Cyphomandra

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Solanum sect. Cyphomandra?
TreeTomato.jpg
Tamarillo (S. betaceum) with unripe fruit
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
(unranked):
Asterids
Order:
Solanales
Family:
Solanaceae
Genus:
Solanum
Subgenus:
Leptostemonum?
Section:
Cyphomandra?

C. Martius ex Sendtner
Species

About 50, see text

Cyphomandra was a genus in the flowering plant family Solanaceae (the nightshades and relative). It used to contain about 35 species native to the Americas from Mexico southwards to Northern Argentina.[1]

Recent authors have treated Cyphomandra as a clade within the genus Solanum rather than as a separate genus, uniting the members of the old genus with some other Solanum. This lineage is one among a group related to part of the traditional subgenus Leptostemonum. Thus, if it is preferred to retain the taxon, Cyphomandra is probably best considered a section in Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum.[2]

Most grow as shrubs or small trees 2 or 3 metres in height. The best known species is the widely cultivated Tamarillo or tree tomato, but a number of the others are also cultivated as garden plants because of their attractive flowers or fruits. Several other species (e.g. S. cajanumense, , S. sibundoyense) also have fruits that are edible when ripe, and yet others are used as dyestuffs or in folk medicine where they are native.[3]

Species[]

Species contained in the Cyphomandra clade, with their former specific epithets cited if they have significantly changed when moving to Solanum, are:[4]

  • (Miers) Standl.
  • Svenson (= Cyphomandra villosa Steyerm.)
  • Solanum betaceum – Tamarillo (= Cyphomandra crassicaulis(?), C. crassifolia (Ortega) J.F.Macbr., C. crassifolia (Ortega) Kuntze, C. procera Wawra)
  • Bohs (Cyphomandra foetida Bohs)
  • Solanum cajanumense (= Cyphomandra casana A.Child)
  • Bohs (= Cyphomandra pilosa Bohs)
  • Bohs (= Cyphomandra artocarpophylla H.J.P.Winkl., C. costaricencis Donn.Sm., C. dendroidea Pittier, C. dolichorhachis Bitter, C. hartwegii (Miers) Walp., C. hartwegii ssp. ramosa Bohs, C. heterophylla Donn.Sm., C. holtonii Hochr., C. kalbreyeri Bitter, C. mollicella Standl., C. naranjilla Pittier, C. splendens Dunal in DC.)
  • C.V.Morton (= Cyphomandra adelpha (C.V.Morton) A.Child)
  • (Sendtn.) Bohs (= Cyphomandra kleinii L.B.Sm. & Downs, C. macrophylla L.B.Sm. & Downs, C. mortoniana L.B.Sm. & Down, C. patrum L.B.Sm. & Downs)
  • Vell. (= Cyphomandra elliptica (Vell.) Sendtn. in Mart., C. subhastata (L.B.Sm. & Downs) A.Child)
  • (Mart.) Bohs (= Cyphomandra floribunda (Miers) Dunal in DC., C. fragrans (Hook.) Sendtn. in Mart., C. piperoides Dunal in DC.)
  • Dunal (= Cyphomandra campanulata Moritz ex Steyerm. & Huber, C. caracasana (Roem. & Schult.) Sendtn., C. caudata Standl., C. chlorantha Rusby, C. meridensis Steyerm. & Rojas)
  • (Bitter) Bohs
  • Solanum exiguum (= Cyphomandra benensis Britton)
  • Solanum fallax (= Cyphomandra betacea var. velutina Dunal in DC., C. hypomalaca Bitter)
  • Solanum fortunense (= Cyphomandra dolichocarpa Bitter)
  • L.B.Sm. & Downs
  • Solanum glaucophyllum Desf.
  • Bohs
  • (J.F.Macbr.) Bohs
  • Solanum latiflorum (= Cyphomandra calycina Sendtn., C. calycina var. rufescens Dunal in DC.)
  • Bitter (= Cyphomandra glaberrima Dusén, C. velutina Sendtn. in Mart.)
  • Solanum luteoalbum
  • Bitter (= Cyphomandra phytolaccoides (Rusby) A.Child)
  • Bitter
  • Smith & Downs
  • Bohs
  • Solanum melissarum (= Cyphomandra capsicoides (Miers) Walp., C. ciliata (Miers) Walp., C. divaricata (Mart.) Sendtn., C. divaricata var. flexipes Sendtn. in Mart., C. divaricata var. herbacea Sendtn. in Mart., C. laxiflora Dunal in DC., C. oxyphylla Dunal in DC.)
  • Bohs
  • Solanum obliquum Ruiz & Pav. (= Cyphomandra brachypodia Sendtn., C. coriacea (Miers) Walp., C. obliqua (Ruiz & Pav.) Sendtn., C. ulei Bitter)
  • Bohs (= Cyphomandra stellata Bohs)
  • Solanum ovum-fringillae
  • C.V.Morton (= Cyphomandra fragilis Bohs)
  • Solanum paralum (= Cyphomandra heterophylla Taub.)
  • Bohs (= Cyphomandra cornigera Dunal in DC., C. maritima L.B.Sm. & Downs)
  • Ruiz & Pav. (= Cyphomandra arborea H.J.P.Winkl., C. subcordata Rusby)
  • Solanum pinetorum (= Cyphomandra angustifolia L.B.Sm. & Downs, C. hispida L.B.Sm. & Downs)
  • (Miers) Bohs
  • Bohs (= Cyphomandra oblongifolia Bohs)
  • (Standl. & Steyerm.) Bohs
  • Solanum roseum (= Cyphomandra acuminata Rusby)
  • (Sendtn.) Bohs (= Cyphomandra reitzii L.B.Sm. & Downs)
  • Solanum sibundoyense
  • Bitter
  • Solanum sycocarpum (= Cyphomandra lobata Sendtn. in Mart.)
  • Aubl. (= Cyphomandra tejore Sendtn. ex Walp.)
  • (Bitter) Bohs
  • Solanum tobagense (= Cyphomandra bolivarensis Steyerm.)
  • (Rusby) Bohs

Formerly placed here[]

Species formerly in the genus Cyphomandra which are not members of the Cyphomandra clade are:

Footnotes[]

  1. ^ Bohs (1988, 1994)
  2. ^ Bohs (1995), Solanaceae Source [2008]
  3. ^ Bohs (1989)
  4. ^ Solanaceae Source [2008]

References[]

  • Bohs, Lynn (1988): Four new species of Cyphomandra (Solanaceae) from South America. Systematic Botany 13(2): 265-275. First page image
  • Bohs, Lynn (1989): Ethnobotany of the genus Cyphomandra (Solanaceae). Economic Botany 43(2): 143-163 [English with Spanish abstract]. doi:10.1007/BF02859855 (HTML abstract and first page image)
  • Bohs, Lynn (1994): Cyphomandra (Solanaceae). Flora Neotropica 63: 1-175.
  • Bohs, Lynn (1995): Transfer of Cyphomandra (Solanaceae) and Its Species to Solanum. Taxon 44(4): 583-587. First page image
  • Solanaceae Source [2008]: Phylogeny. Retrieved 2008-OCT-01.
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