Cyril Lucaris

Hieromartyr Cyril Lucaris
Hieromartyr Cyril Lucaris
Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople; Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria; Hieromartyr
Born	13 November 1572; Candia, Crete
Died	27 June 1638; Bosporus
Canonized	6 October 2009, Patriarchal Church of Saint Savvas the Sanctified in Alexandria by Holy Synod of the Patriarchate of Alexandria
Major shrine	Monastery of Panagia Kamariotissa, Halki
Feast	27 June
Attributes	Eastern episcopal vestments, holding a Gospel Book or a crosier. He is depicted as a big white beard.

Cyril I Lucaris
Cyril I Lucaris
Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople
Church	Church of Constantinople
In office	October 1612 (locum tenens); 4 November 1620 – 12 April 1623; 22 September 1623 – 4 October 1633; 11 October 1633 – 25 February 1634; April 1634 – March 1635; March 1637 – 20 June 1638
Personal details
Born	13 November 1572; Heraklion, Greece
Died	27 June 1638
Previous post(s)	Greek Patriarch of Alexandria as Cyril III

Cyril Lucaris or Loukaris (Greek: Κύριλλος Λούκαρις, 13 November 1572 – 27 June 1638), born Constantine Lucaris, was a Greek prelate and theologian, and a native of Candia, Crete (then under the Republic of Venice). He later became the Greek Patriarch of Alexandria as Cyril III and Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople as Cyril I. Calvinist contemporaries, and some modern Calvinist writers as well, have claimed that he strove for a reform of the Eastern Orthodox Church along Protestant, Calvinist lines.^[1] Attempts to bring Calvinism into the Orthodox Church were rejected, and Cyril's actions, motivations, and specific viewpoints remain a matter of debate among scholars. However, the Orthodox Church recognizes him as a hieromartyr and defender of the Orthodox faith against both the Jesuit Catholics and Calvinist Protestants. The official glorification of Cyril Loukaris took place by decision of the Holy Synod of the Patriarchate of Alexandria on 6 October 2009, and his memory is commemorated on 27 June.^[2]^[3]

Life[]

Cyril Lucaris was born in Candia, Crete on 13 November 1572,^[4] when the island was part of the Venetian Republic's maritime empire. In his youth he travelled through Europe, studying at Venice and the University of Padua, and at Geneva where he came under the influence of Calvinism and the Reformed faith. Lucaris pursued theological studies in Venice and Padua, Wittenberg and Geneva where he developed greater antipathy for Roman Catholicism.^[5] Probably, during that time he was the Rector of Ostroh Academy.^[6]

While the exact date is unknown, Lucaris was ordained in Constantinople.^[7] In 1596 Lucaris was sent to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth by Meletius Pegas, Patriarch of Alexandria, to lead the Orthodox opposition to the Union of Brest-Litovsk, which proposed a union of Kiev with Rome. For six years Lucaris served as professor of the Orthodox academy in Vilnius (now in Lithuania).^[5] In 1601, Lucaris was installed as the Patriarch of Alexandria at the age of twenty-nine. He would continue to hold this office for twenty years, until his elevation to the See of Constantinople. During these years, Lucaris adopted a theology which was heavily influenced by Protestant Reformation doctrine. On 6 September, he wrote a letter to Mark Antonio de Dominis, a former Roman Catholic Archbishop, writing:

There was a time, when we were bewitched, before we understood the very pure Word of God; and although we did not communicate with the Roman Pontiff… we abominated the doctrine of the Reformed Churches, as opposed to the Faith, not knowing in good truth what we abominated. But when it pleased the merciful God to enlighten us, and make us perceive our former error, we began to consider what our future stand should be. And as the role of a good citizen, in the case of any dissension, is to defend the juster cause, I think it all the more to be the duty of a good Christian not to dissimulate his sentiments in matters pertaining to salvation, but to embrace unreservedly that side which is most accordant to the Word of God. What did I do then? Having obtained, through the kindness of friends, some writings of Evangelical theologians, books which have not only been unseen in the East, but due to the influence of the censures of Rome, have not even been heard of, I then invoked earnestly the assistance of the Holy Ghost, and for three years compared the doctrines of the Greek and Latin Churches with that of the Reformed… Leaving the Fathers I took for my only guide the Scriptures and the Analogy of Faith. At length, having been convinced, through the grace of God, that the cause of the Reformers was more correct and more in accord with the doctrine of Christ, I embraced it.^[8]

Due to Turkish oppression combined with the proselytization of the Orthodox faithful by Jesuit missionaries, there was a shortage of schools which taught the Orthodox Faith and the Greek language. Roman Catholic schools were set up and Catholic churches were built next to Orthodox ones, and since Orthodox priests were in short supply something had to be done. His first act was to found a theological seminary in Mount Athos, the Athoniada school.

In 1627, he authorized the establishment of a Greek language printing press in Istanbul, the first of its kind. However, the French government lodged an official protest with Ottoman authorities once the press began to publish anti-Catholic polemics, and as a result, Ottoman authorities ordered its closure one year later.^[9]

He sponsored Maximos of Gallipoli to produce the first translation of the New Testament in Modern Greek.^[10]

Calvinism[]

Cyril's aim was to reform the Orthodox Church along Calvinistic lines, and to this end he sent many young Greek theologians to the universities of Switzerland, the northern Netherlands and England. In 1629 he published his famous Confessio (Calvinistic doctrine), but as far as possible accommodated to the language and creeds of the Orthodox Church. It appeared the same year in two Latin editions, four French, one German and one English, and in the Eastern Church it started a controversy which brought critics at several synods, in 1638 at Constantinople, in 1642 at the Synod of Iași, and culminated in 1672 with the convocation by Dositheos, Patriarch of Jerusalem, of the Synod of Jerusalem, by which the Calvinistic doctrines were condemned.^[5]^[11]

Cyril was also particularly well disposed towards the Church of England, and corresponded with the Archbishops of Canterbury. It was in his time that Metrophanes Kritopoulos — later to become Patriarch of Alexandria (1636–39) — was sent to England to study. Both Lucaris and Kritopoulos were lovers of books and manuscripts, and many of the items in the collections of books and these two Patriarchs acquired manuscripts that today adorn the Patriarchal Library.

In 1629 in Geneva the Eastern Confession of the Christian faith was published in Latin, containing the Calvinist doctrine. In 1633 it was published in Greek. The Council of Constantinople in 1638 anathematized both Cyril and the Eastern Confession of the Christian faith, but the Council of Jerusalem in 1672, specially engaged in the case of Cyril, completely acquitted him, testified that the Council of Constantinople cursed Cyril not because they thought he was the author of the confession, but for the fact that Cyril hadn't written a rebuttal to this essay attributed to him. However, Western scholars continue to insist on the Calvinism of Cyril, referring not only to a confession, but also in his extensive correspondence with Protestant scholars (especially the letters of 1618–20 to the Dutchman's Velgelmu^[who?]).

The Orthodox historian Bishop Arseny (Bryantsev) challenged the authenticity of the correspondence and, incidentally, points to the 50 letters of Cyril of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich and Moscow Patriarch Philaret, stored in a Moscow archive of the main Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the evidence of Cyril's commitment to Orthodoxy, as well as in his 1622 letter in which he speaks of Protestantism as a blasphemous doctrine.^[12]

Politics and death[]

Lucaris was several times temporarily deposed and banished at the instigation of both his Orthodox opponents and the Catholic French and Austrian ambassadors,^[5] while he was supported by the Protestant Dutch and English ambassadors to the Ottoman capital. Finally, when the Ottoman Sultan Murad IV was about to set out for the Persian War, the Patriarch was accused of a design to stir up the Cossacks, and to avoid trouble during his absence the Sultan had him strangled^[13] by the Janissaries on 27 June 1638 aboard a ship in the Bosporus.^[5] His body was thrown into the sea, but it was recovered and buried at a distance from the capital by his friends, and only brought back to Constantinople after many years.^[5]

Lucaris was honoured as a saint and martyr shortly after his death, and compiled an akolouthia (service) to celebrate his memory.

According to a 1659 letter to Thomas Greaves from Edward Pococke (who, on his book-hunting travels for archbishop William Laud, had met Lucaris) many of the choicest manuscripts from Lucaris' library were saved by the Dutch ambassador who sent them by ship to Holland. Although the ship arrived safely, it sank the next day in a violent storm along with its cargo.^[14]

Legacy[]

Lucaris' position in Eastern Orthodoxy continues to be a matter of debate in the church. Some Orthodox accept the view of most secular historians that he was an advocate of Calvinism. Others say his personal position was distorted by his enemies, and that he remained loyal to Orthodox teachings.^{[citation needed]}

References[]

General[]

"Kyrillos III Lucaris (1601–1620)". Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria and All Africa. Retrieved 7 February 2011.

Specific[]

^ Kiminas, Demetrius (2009). The Ecumenical Patriarchate. Wildside Press. pp. 38, 9. ISBN 978-1-4344-5876-6.
^ First Day of the deliberations of the holy synod of the Alexandrian patriarchate. Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria and All Africa. 6/10/2009.
^ "Άγιος Κύριλλος Λούκαρις Πατριάρχης Κωνσταντινουπόλεως" [Saint Cyril Loukaris patriarch of Constantinople], Saints (in Greek), Ορθόδοξος Συναξαριστής, 27 June 2019.
^ Emerau, C (1926). "Lucar Cyrille". Dictionnaire de Theologie Catholique (in French). 9. Paris: Letouzey et Ané. 1003–19.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Lucaris, Cyril", Encyclopædia Britannica (online ed.), 26 March 2008.
^ Medlin, William K. Renaissance Influences and Religious Reforms in Russia. p. 104.
^ Papadopoulos, Chrysostom (1939). Kyrillos Loukaris, p. 15 (Athens).
^ Hadjiantoniou, George (1961). Protestant Patriarch. John Knox Press (Richmond, VA), pp. 42–43
^ Masters, Bruce (2006). "Christians in a Changing World" in the Cambridge History of Turkey, Volume 3, edited by Suraiya N. Faroqhi. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 276–277.
^ Khokhar, Antony J (2015). "The 'Calvinist Patriarch' Cyril Lucaris And His Bible Translations" (PDF). Scriptura. 114:1: 1–15.
^ Siecienski 2010, p. 183.
^ Arseny, Bryantsev (1870), "Patriarch Kirill Lucaris and his merits for the Orthodox Church", Strannik (The Wanderer), St Petersburg.
^ Lempriere, J (1808). Universal Biography.
^ Twells, Leonard (1816). The Lives of Dr. Edward Pocock: the celebrated orientalist. 1. London: printed for FC & J Rivington, by R&R Gilbert. pp. 410–11.

External links[]

of Etna, Chrysostomos, The Myth of the Calvinist Patriarch, Orthodox info – article from an Orthodox standpoint claiming Lucaris was not a Calvinist.
Lucaris, Confession of Faith, Cri voice.
Michaelides, George P (1943), "The Greek Orthodox Position on the Confession of Cyril Lucaris", Church History, J Stor, 12 (2): 118–129, doi:10.2307/3159981, JSTOR 3159981.
Cyril I Lucaris (article), The Ecumenical Patriarchate

Eastern Orthodox Church titles
Preceded by Meletius I	Greek Patriarch of Alexandria 1601–20	Succeeded by Gerasimius I
Preceded by Neophytus II	Patriarch of Constantinople 1612	Succeeded by Timothy II
Preceded by Timothy II	Patriarch of Constantinople 1620–23	Succeeded by Gregory IV
Preceded by Anthimus II	Patriarch of Constantinople 1623–33	Succeeded by Cyril II
Preceded by Cyril II	Patriarch of Constantinople 1633–34	Succeeded by Athanasius III
Preceded by Athanasius III	Patriarch of Constantinople 1634–35	Succeeded by Cyril II
Preceded by Neophytus III	Patriarch of Constantinople 1637–38	Succeeded by Cyril II

[Kiminas-1] Kiminas, Demetrius (2009). The Ecumenical Patriarchate. Wildside Press. pp. 38, 9. ISBN 978-1-4344-5876-6.

[2] First Day of the deliberations of the holy synod of the Alexandrian patriarchate. Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria and All Africa. 6/10/2009.

[3] "Άγιος Κύριλλος Λούκαρις Πατριάρχης Κωνσταντινουπόλεως" [Saint Cyril Loukaris patriarch of Constantinople], Saints (in Greek), Ορθόδοξος Συναξαριστής, 27 June 2019.

[DTC-4] Emerau, C (1926). "Lucar Cyrille". Dictionnaire de Theologie Catholique (in French). 9. Paris: Letouzey et Ané. 1003–19.

[BritA-5] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Lucaris, Cyril", Encyclopædia Britannica (online ed.), 26 March 2008.

[6] Medlin, William K. Renaissance Influences and Religious Reforms in Russia. p. 104.

[7] Papadopoulos, Chrysostom (1939). Kyrillos Loukaris, p. 15 (Athens).

[8] Hadjiantoniou, George (1961). Protestant Patriarch. John Knox Press (Richmond, VA), pp. 42–43

[9] Masters, Bruce (2006). "Christians in a Changing World" in the Cambridge History of Turkey, Volume 3, edited by Suraiya N. Faroqhi. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 276–277.

[10] Khokhar, Antony J (2015). "The 'Calvinist Patriarch' Cyril Lucaris And His Bible Translations" (PDF). Scriptura. 114:1: 1–15.

[FOOTNOTESiecienski2010183-11] Siecienski 2010, p. 183.

[12] Arseny, Bryantsev (1870), "Patriarch Kirill Lucaris and his merits for the Orthodox Church", Strannik (The Wanderer), St Petersburg.

[13] Lempriere, J (1808). Universal Biography.

[14] Twells, Leonard (1816). The Lives of Dr. Edward Pocock: the celebrated orientalist. 1. London: printed for FC & J Rivington, by R&R Gilbert. pp. 410–11.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

show v t Bishops of Byzantium and Patriarchs of Constantinople
Bishops of Heraclea/Byzantium Roman period (38-330 AD)	Andrew Stachys Onesimus Polycarpus I Plutarch Sedecion Diogenes Eleutherius Felix Polycarpus II Athenodorus Euzois Laurence Alypius Pertinax Olympianus Marcus I Philadelphus Cyriacus I Castinus Eugenius I Titus Dometius Rufinus Probus Metrophanes Alexander
Archbishops of Constantinople Roman period (330–451 AD)	Alexander Paul I Eusebius Macedonius I Eudoxius Evagrius Demophilus Maximus I Gregory I Nectarius John I Chrysostom Arsacius Atticus Sisinnius I Nestorius Maximianus Proclus Flavian Anatolius
Patriarchs of Constantinople Byzantine period (451–1453 AD)	Anatolius Gennadius I Acacius Fravitta Euphemius Macedonius II Timothy I John II Epiphanius Anthimus I Menas Eutychius John III John IV Cyriacus II Thomas I Sergius I Pyrrhus Paul II Peter Thomas II John V Constantine I Theodore I George I Paul III Callinicus I Cyrus John VI Germanus I Anastasius Constantine II Nicetas I Paul IV Tarasius Nicephorus I Theodotus I Antony I John VII Methodius I Ignatios Photios I Stephen I Antony II Nicholas I Εuthymius I Stephen II Tryphon Theophylact Polyeuctus Βasil I Αntony III Nicholas II Sisinnius II Sergius II Eustathius Alexius Michael I Constantine III John VIII Cosmas I Eustratius Nicholas III John IX Leo Michael II Cosmas II Nicholas IV Theodotus II Neophytus I Constantine IV Luke Michael III Chariton Theodosius I Basil II Nicetas II Leontius Dositheus George II John X Michael IV^† Theodore II^† Maximus II^† Μanuel I^† Germanus II^† Methodius II^† Manuel II^† Arsenius^† Nicephorus II^† Germanus III Joseph I John XI Gregory II Athanasius I John XII Nephon I John XIII Gerasimus I Isaias John XIV Isidore I Callistus I Philotheus Macarius Nilus Antony IV Callistus II Matthew I Euthymius II Joseph II Metrophanes II Gregory III Athanasius II
Patriarchs of Constantinople Ottoman period (1453–1923 AD)	Gennadius II Isidore II Joasaph I Sophronius I Mark II Symeon I Dionysius I Raphael I Maximus III Nephon II Maximus IV Joachim I Pachomius I Theoleptus I Jeremias I Joannicius I Dionysius II Joasaph II Metrophanes III Jeremias II Pachomius II Theoleptus II Matthew II Gabriel I Theophanes I Meletius I Neophytus II Raphael II Cyril I Timothy II Gregory IV Anthimus II Cyril II Athanasius III Neophytus III Parthenius I Parthenius II Joannicius II Cyril III Paisius I Parthenius III Gabriel II Parthenius IV Dionysius III Clement Methodius III Dionysius IV Gerasimus II Athanasius IV James Callinicus II Neophytus IV Gabriel III Neophytus V Cyprianus Athanasius V Cyril IV Cosmas III Jeremias III (Callinicus III) Paisius II Seraphim I Neophytus VI Cyril V Callinicus IV (III) Seraphim II Joannicius III Samuel Meletius II Theodosius II Sophronius II Gabriel IV Procopius Neophytus VII Gerasimus III Gregory V Callinicus V (IV) Jeremias IV Cyril VI Eugenius II Anthimus III Chrysanthus Agathangelus Constantius I Constantius II Gregory VI Anthimus IV Anthimus V Germanus IV Meletius III Anthimus VI Cyril VII Joachim II Sophronius III Joachim III Joachim IV Dionysius V Neophytus VIII Anthimus VII Constantine V Germanus V Meletius IV
Patriarchs of Constantinople Turkish period (since 1923 AD)	Gregory VII Constantine VI Basil III Photius II Benjamin Maximus V Athenagoras Demetrius Bartholomew
^† in exile at Nicaea Christianity portal

show v t Patriarchs of Alexandria
Patriarchs prior to the Chalcedonian schism (43–451)	Mark I the Evangelist (founder) Anianus Avilius Kedronos Primus Justus Eumenius Markianos* Celadion Agrippinus Julian Demetrius I Heraclas Dionysius Maximus Theonas Peter I Achillas Alexander I Athanasius I Peter II Timothy I Theophilus I Cyril I Dioscorus I
Coptic Orthodox Popes and Patriarchs (451–present)	Timothy II Peter III Athanasius II John I John II Dioscorus II Timothy III Theodosius I Peter IV Damian Anastasius Andronicus Benjamin I Agathon John III Isaac Simeon I Alexander II Cosmas I Theodore I Michael I Mina I John IV Mark II James Simeon II Joseph I Michael II Cosmas II Shenouda I Michael III Gabriel I Cosmas III Macarius I Theophilus II (AKA Theophanes) Mina II Abraham Philotheos Zacharias Shenouda II Christodoulos Cyril II Michael IV Macarius II Gabriel II Michael V John V Mark III John VI Cyril III Athanasius III John VII Gabriel III John VII Theodosius III John VIII John IX Benjamin II Peter V Mark IV John X Gabriel IV Matthew I Gabriel V John XI Matthew II Gabriel VI Michael VI John XII John XIII Gabriel VII John XIV Gabriel VIII Mark V John XV Matthew III Mark VI Matthew IV John XVI Peter VI John XVII Mark VII John XVIII Mark VIII Peter VII Cyril IV Demetrius II Cyril V John XIX Macarius III Joseph II Cyril VI Shenouda III Tawadros II (current)
Greek Orthodox Popes and Patriarchs (451–present)	Proterius Timothy II Timothy III John I Peter III Athanasius II John II John III Dioscorus II Timothy IV Theodosius I Gainas Paul Zoilus Apollinarius John IV Eulogius Theodore I John V George I Cyrus Peter IV Peter V Peter VI Cosmas I Politianus Eustatius Christopher I Sophronius I Michael I Michael II Christodoulos Eutychius Sophronius II Isaac Job Elias I Arsenius Theophilus II George II Leontius Alexander II John VI Cyril II Sabbas Sophronius III Elias II Eleutherius Mark III* Nicholas I Gregory I Nicholas II Athanasius III Gregory II Gregory III Niphon Mark IV Nicholas III Gregory IV Nicholas IV Athanasius IV Mark V Philotheus Mark VI Gregory V Joachim I Silvester Meletius I Pegas Cyril III Gerasimus I Metrophanes Nicephorus Joannicius Paisius Parthenius I Gerasimus II Samuel Cosmas II Cosmas III Matthew Cyprian Gerasimus III Parthenius II Theophilus III Hierotheus I Artemius Hierotheus II Callinicus Jacob Nicanor Sophronius IV Photius Meletius II Nicholas V Christopher II Nicholas VI Parthenius III Peter VII Theodore II (current)
Latin Catholic (1276 –1954)	Atanasio (Athanasius) Egidio da Ferrara (Giles) ?Humbert II, Dauphin of Vienne Juan (John) Guillaume de Chanac () uncanonical Pietro Amely di Brunac ? uncanonical Simon of Cramaud Pietro Amely di Brunac Leonardo Dolfin Ugo Roberti Pietro Amaury di Lordat Lancelotus de Navarra Giovanni Contarini Pietro Vitalis di Mauléon Giovanni Vitelleschi Marco Condulmer Jean d’Harcourt Arnaldo Rogerii de Palas Pedro de Urrea Pedro González de Mendoza Diego Hurtado de Mendoza Alonso de Fonseca y Acevedo Bernardino Carafa Cesare Riario Guido Ascanio Sforza di Santa Fiora Ottaviano Maria Sforza Julius Gonzaga Cristoforo Guidalotti Ciocchi del Monte Jacques Cortès Tommaso Alessandro Riario Enrico Caetani Giovanni Battista Albani Camillo Caetani Alessandro di Sangro Honoratus Caetani Federico Borromeo Allesandro Crescenzi Aloysius Bevilacqua Petrus Draghi Bartoli Gregorio Giuseppe Gaetani de Aragonia Carlo Ambrosio Mezzabarba Filippo Carlo Spada Girolamo Crispi Giuseppe Antonio Davanzati Lodovico Agnello Anastasi Francisco Mattei Paolo Angelo Ballerini
Melkite Catholic (1724–present)	Cyril VI Tanas Athanasius IV Jawhar Maximos II Hakim Theodosius V Dahan Athanasius IV Jawhar Cyril VII Siaj Agapius II Matar Ignatius IV Sarrouf Athanasius V Matar Macarius IV Tawil Ignatius V Qattan Maximos III Mazloum Clement Bahouth Gregory II Youssef-Sayur Peter IV Geraigiry Cyril VIII Geha Demetrius I Qadi Cyril IX Moghabghab Maximos IV Sayegh Maximos V Hakim Gregory III Laham Youssef I Absi
Coptic Catholic (1824–present)	Kyrillos Makarios Stéphanos I Sidarouss Stéphanos II Ghattas Antonios I Naguib Ibrahim Isaac Sidrak
*Markianos is considered Mark II on the Greek side of the subsequent schism, hence this numbering of Mark III. Category Commons

show Authority control
General	Integrated Authority File (Germany) ISNI 1 VIAF 1 WorldCat
National libraries	Spain France (data) United States Australia Greece Israel Netherlands Poland Sweden Vatican
Scientific databases	CiNii (Japan)
Other	Faceted Application of Subject Terminology RERO (Switzerland) 1 Social Networks and Archival Context SUDOC (France) 1 Trove (Australia) 1