Danish orthography

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Danish orthography is the system used to write the Danish language. The oldest preserved examples of written Danish are in the Runic alphabet, but by the end of the High Middle Ages the Runes had mostly been replaced by the Latin letters.

Danish currently uses a 29-letter Latin-script alphabet, identical to the Norwegian alphabet.

Alphabet[]

The Danish alphabet is based upon the Latin alphabet and has consisted of the following 29 letters since 1980 when W was separated from V.^[1]

	Danish alphabet Menu 0:00 (Listen to a Danish speaker reciting the alphabet in Danish)
Problems playing this file? See media help.

• /p, t, k/, /pʰ, tsʰ, kʰ/ and /ʁ/ are often transcribed with ⟨b, d, ɡ⟩, ⟨p, t, k⟩ and ⟨r⟩ even though the first set is voiceless, the second one is aspirated and the rhotic is uvular, not alveolar.
• In monomorphematic words vowels are usually short before two or more consonants + e.
• Vowels are usually long before a single consonant + e.
• In two consecutive vowels the stressed vowel is always long and the unstressed is always short.

The letters c, q, w, x and z are not used in the spelling of indigenous words. Therefore, the phonemic interpretation of letters in loanwords depends on the donating language. However, Danish tends to preserve the original spelling of loanwords. In particular, a 'c' that represents /s/ is almost never normalized to 's' in Danish, as would most often happen in Norwegian. Many words originally derived from Latin roots retain 'c' in their Danish spelling, for example Norwegian sentrum vs Danish centrum. However, the letter 'c' representing /kʰ/ is mostly normalized to 'k'. The letter 'q' is used in a few loanwords like quiz (from English), but qu is normally replaced by kv in words from Latin (e.g. kvadrat) and by k in words from French (e.g. karantæne). The letter 'x' is normally replaced by ks in words from Latin, Greek, or French, e.g. eksempel, maksimal, tekst, heksagon, seksuel; but 'x' is retained: 1) at the beginning of words of Greek origin, where it sounds /s/, e.g. xylograf, xylofon; 2) before 'c' in words of Latin origin, e.g. excellent, excentrisk; 3) in chemical terms, e.g. oxalsyre, oxygen; 4) in loanwords from English, e.g. exitpoll, foxterrier, maxi, sex, taxi; 5) at the end of French loanwords, where it is silent, e.g. jaloux [ɕæˈlu]. The verb exe/ekse, derived from the name of the letter 'x' itself, can be spelled either way. The letter 'x' is also used instead of eks- in abbreviations: fx (for eksempel, also written f. eks.), hhx (højere handelseksamen), htx (højere teknisk eksamen).

The "foreign" letters also sometimes appear in the spelling of otherwise-indigenous family names. For example, many of the Danish families that use the surname Skov (literally: "Forest") spell it Schou.

Diacritics[]

Standard Danish orthography has no compulsory diacritics, but allows the use of an acute accent for disambiguation. Most often, an accent on e marks a stressed syllable in one of a pair of homographs that have different stresses, for example en dreng (a boy) versus én dreng (one boy). It can also be part of the official spelling such as in allé (avenue) or idé (idea).

Less often, any vowel except å may be accented to indicate stress on a word, either to clarify the meaning of the sentence, or to ease the reading otherwise. For example: jeg stód op ("I was standing"), versus jeg stod óp ("I got out of bed"); hunden gør (det) ("the dog does (it)"), versus hunden gǿr ("the dog barks").^{[citation needed]} Most often, however, such distinctions are made using typographical emphasis (italics, underlining) or simply left to the reader to infer from the context, and the use of accents in such cases may appear dated. A common context in which the explicit acute accent is preferred is to disambiguate en/et (a, indefinite article) and én/ét (one, numeral) in central places in official written materials such as advertising, where clarity is important.

History[]

There were spelling reforms in 1872, 1889 (with some changes in 1892), and 1948.

Danish formerly used both ø (in Antiqua) and ö (in Fraktur), though it was suggested to use ø for IPA /ø/ and ö for IPA /œ/, which was also sometimes employed.^[2] The distinction between ø and ö was optionally allowed in 1872, recommended in 1889, but rejected in 1892, although the orthographic dictionaries continued to use ø and ö (collated as if they were the same letter) until 1918.

Earlier instead of aa the letter å or a ligature of two a was also used.^[2] In 1948 the letter å was re-introduced or officially introduced in Danish, replacing aa. The letter then came from the Swedish alphabet, where it has been in official use since the 18th century. The initial proposal was to place Å first in the Danish alphabet, before A. Its place as the last letter of the alphabet, as in Norwegian, was decided in 1955.^[3] The former digraph Aa still occurs in personal names, and in Danish geographical names. Aa remains in use as a transliteration, if the letter is not available for technical reasons. Aa is treated like Å in alphabetical sorting, not like two adjacent letters A, meaning that while a is the first letter of the alphabet, aa is the last.

The difference between the Dano-Norwegian and the Swedish alphabet is that Swedish uses the variant Ä instead of Æ, and the variant Ö instead of Ø — similar to German. Also, the collating order for these three letters is different: Å, Ä, Ö.

In current Danish, W is recognized as a separate letter from V. The transition was made in 1980^{[citation needed]}; before that, the W was merely considered to be a variation of the letter V and words using it were alphabetized accordingly (e.g.: "Wales, Vallø, Washington, Wedellsborg, Vendsyssel"). The Danish version of the alphabet song still states that the alphabet has 28 letters; the last line reads otte-og-tyve skal der stå, i.e. "that makes twenty-eight". However, today the letter "w" is considered an official letter.

All nouns in Danish used to be capitalized, as in German. The reform of 1948 abolished the capitalization of all nouns.

Computing standards[]

Danish keyboard with keys for Æ, Ø, and Å

In computing, several different coding standards have existed for this alphabet:

• DS 2089, later established in international standard ISO 646
• IBM PC code page 865
• ISO 8859-1
• Unicode

See also[]

• Comparison of Norwegian Bokmål and Standard Danish#Writing_system
• Comparison of Norwegian Bokmål and Standard Danish#Pronunciation and sound system
• Danish braille
• Danish phonology
• Icelandic orthography
• Futhark, the Germanic runes used formerly
• Spelling alphabets
• Swedish alphabet

References[]

External links[]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Danish alphabet.

• Type Danish characters online
• 1872 spelling reform (in Danish)
• 1892 spelling reform (in Danish)
• 1948 spelling reform (in Danish)
• Current orthographic rules (in Danish)