Deductive closure

In mathematical logic, a set ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {T}}}$ of logical formulae is deductively closed if it contains every formula ${\displaystyle \varphi }$ that can be logically deduced from ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {T}}}$, formally: if ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {T}}\vdash \varphi }$ always implies ${\displaystyle \varphi \in {\mathcal {T}}}$. If ${\displaystyle T}$ is a set of formulae, the deductive closure of ${\displaystyle T}$ is its smallest superset that is deductively closed.

The deductive closure of a theory ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {T}}}$ is often denoted ${\displaystyle \operatorname {Ded} ({\mathcal {T}})}$ or ${\displaystyle \operatorname {Th} ({\mathcal {T}})}$.^{[citation needed]} This is a special case of the more general mathematical concept of closure — in particular, the deductive closure of ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {T}}}$ is exactly the closure of ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {T}}}$ with respect to the operation of logical consequence (${\displaystyle \vdash }$).

Examples[]

In propositional logic, the set of all true propositions is deductively closed. This is to say that only true statements are derivable from other true statements.

Epistemic closure[]

In epistemology, many philosophers have and continue to debate whether particular subsets of propositions—especially ones ascribing knowledge or justification of a belief to a subject—are closed under deduction.

References[]

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