Demographics of Iceland

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Iceland population pyramid in 2020

This article is about the demographic features of the population of Iceland, including population density, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

As of 2020, the Icelandic population stands at a little over 364,000. 23.7%, a little over 86,000 are of foreign background.[1]

99% of the nation's inhabitants live in urban areas (localities with populations greater than 200) and 60% live in the Capital Region.

History[]

A graph showing the population of Iceland from 1703–2017, using official data from Statistics Iceland.

The population of Iceland since settlement times has probably wavered between about 30,000 and 80,000. Official statistics begin in 1703, since when the population of Iceland has grown from 50,358 to 364,134 in January 2020.[2]

Migration[]

Settlement[]

Most Icelandic people are descendants of Norwegian settlers, and of Gaels from Ireland and Scotland who were brought over as slaves during the Settlement of Iceland in the ninth century AD. Recent DNA analysis suggests that around 66 percent of the male settler-era population was of Norse ancestry, whereas the female population was 60 percent Celtic.[3][4] Iceland remained extremely homogenous from Settlement until the twentieth century.

Emigration[]

Large numbers of Icelanders began to emigrate from Iceland in the 1850s. It has been estimated that around 17,000 Icelanders emigrated to North America in the period 1870–1914, with some 2,000 people returning to Iceland. A net total of around 15,000 individuals amount to roughly 20% of the Icelandic population in 1887.[5] According to historian Gunnar Karlsson, "migration from Iceland is unique in that most went to Canada, whereas from most or all other European countries the majority went to the United States. This was partly due to the late beginning of emigration from Iceland after the Canadian authorities had begun to promote emigration in cooperation with the Allan Line, which already had an agent in Iceland in 1873. Contrary to most European countries, this promotion campaign was successful in Iceland, because emigration was only just about to start from there and Icelandic emigrants had no relatives in the United States to help them take the first steps".[5]

In the wake of the 2008 Icelandic financial crisis, many Icelanders went to work abroad.[6]

Immigration[]

There was little immigration to Iceland prior to the 1990s, and prior to 1990 immigration was mostly from other Scandinavian countries: around 1% of the population of Iceland in 1900 was of Danish heritage (either born in Denmark or to Danish parents).[7] In the mid-1990s, 95% of Icelanders had parents of Icelandic origin, and 2% of Icelandic inhabitants were first-generation immigrants (born abroad with both parents foreign-born and all grandparents foreign-born).[8][9]

Immigration to Iceland rose rapidly in the late twentieth century, encouraged by Iceland's accession to the European Economic Area in 1994, its entry into the Schengen Agreement in 2001, and the country's early twenty-first century economic boom. Iceland's largest ethnic minority comprises Polish immigrants in Iceland who comprise about 1/3 of Iceland's immigrant population. In 2017, 10.6% of the population were first-generation immigrants.[9]

Iceland is also developing relatively small populations of religious minorities, including Catholics (approximately 15,000 in 2020, representing 4.02% of the Icelandic population),[10][11][12] Baháʼís (approximately 400 in 2010[13]), Jews (approximately 250 in 2018[14]), Buddhists (approximately 1,500 in 2021[15]) and Muslims (approximately 1,300 in 2015[16][17]).

Research on the experience of immigrants to Iceland is in its early days.[18][19] There is some evidence that racism is not as acute in Iceland as in neighbouring countries.[20][21][22] But, while it is popularly believed in Iceland that racism does not exist there,[23] there is evidence that in some respects immigrant populations experience prejudice and inequalities.[24] For example, Iceland has a higher dropout rate from upper secondary school among young immigrants than the EEA average.[25]

Historical population[26]
YearPop.±%
1703 50,358—    
1750 48,241−4.2%
1800 46,176−4.3%
1850 59,586+29.0%
1860 67,754+13.7%
1870 69,463+2.5%
1880 71,981+3.6%
1890 70,581−1.9%
1900 77,967+10.5%
1910 84,528+8.4%
1920 92,855+9.9%
1930 106,360+14.5%
1940 120,264+13.1%
1950 141,042+17.3%
1960 173,855+23.3%
1970 204,042+17.4%
1980 226,948+11.2%
1990 253,785+11.8%
2000 279,049+10.0%
2010 317,630+13.8%
2020 364,134+14.6%
Source: Statistics Iceland
Background Groups Year
1996[27] 2001[27] 2006[27] 2011[27] 2016[27] 2021[27]
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
Flag of Iceland.svg Icelanders 260,054 97.10% 270,106 95.32% 278,975 93.02% 286,606 89.99% 292,326 87.90% 300,369 81.44%
Icelanders of two Icelandic parents (No foreign background) 251,057 93.74% 259,109 91.44% 265,711 88.60% 270,771 85.02% 274,115 82.43% 279,236 75.71%
Born abroad, Icelandic background 3,490 1.30% 4,214 1.48% 4,880 1.62% 5,449 1.71% 5,971 1.79% 6,634 1.79%
Born in Iceland: One parent born abroad 5,507 2.05% 6,783 2.39% 8,384 2.79% 10,386 3.26% 12,240 3.68% 14,499 3.93%
Total: Foreign 7,755 2.90% 13,255 4.67% 20,916 6.97% 31,846 10% 40,203 12.09% 68,423 18.55%
Immigrants 5,357 2.00% 10,073 3.55% 16,690 5.56% 25,697 8.06% 31,819 9.56% 57,126 15.49%
2nd generation immigrants (Descendants of Immigrants) 345 0.12% 543 0.19% 1,116 0.37% 2,586 0.81% 4,152 1.24% 6,117 1.65%
Born abroad with one Icelandic parent 2,053 0.76% 2,639 0.93% 3,110 1.03% 3,563 1.11% 4,232 1.27% 5,180 1.40%
Total 267,809 100% 283,361 100% 299,891 100% 318,452 100% 332,529 100% 368,792 100%
Foreign-born communities of over 300[1]
Country 2010 2019
 Poland 10,088 19,210
 Denmark 3,236 3,891
 Lithuania 1,442 2,906
 United States 1,849 2,386
 Sweden 1,846 2,161
 Philippines 1,407 2,094
 Germany 1,697 1,969
 Latvia 641 1,762
 United Kingdom 1,095 1,702
 Romania 205 1,536
 Thailand 1,062 1,375
 Norway 987 1,275
 Portugal 607 993
 Spain 288 909
 Vietnam 479 840
 France 444 835
 Czech Republic 152 744
 China 481 686
 Croatia 148 657
 Italy 217 482
 Slovakia 228 475
 Bulgaria 135 473
 Serbia 312 468
 Hungary 153 464
 Russia 294 452
 Ukraine 206 402
 Netherlands 298 375
 India 274 357
 Canada 229 337
Other 4,284 9,185
Total immigrant population 35,117 61,401

Due to a shortage of labor,[28] immigration to Iceland will most likely increase in the future.[29] Estimates show that the number of immigrants could be as high as 15% of the total population by 2030.[29]

Patronymy[]

See also: Icelandic naming conventions

Most Icelandic surnames are based on patronymy, or the adoption of the father's first given name, followed by "son" or "daughter". For example, Magnús and Anna, children of a man named Pétur Jónsson, would have the full name Magnús Pétursson and Anna Pétursdóttir, respectively. Magnús's daughter Sigríður Ásta would be Sigríður Ásta Magnúsdóttir, and would remain so for the rest of her life regardless of marriage. An Icelandic patronymic is essentially only a designation of fatherhood, and is therefore redundant in Icelandic social life except to differentiate people of the same first name – the phone directory, for example, lists people by their given name first, patronymic second. Thus it has little in common with traditional surnames except for its position after the given name. It is legally possible in Iceland to rework the patronymic into a matronymic, replacing the father's name with the mother's. Use of the patronymic system is required by law, except for the descendants of those who had acquired family names before 1913 (about 10% of the population). One notable Icelander who has an inherited family name is football star Eiður Smári Guðjohnsen.

Urbanisation[]

See also: Iceland § Urbanisation

According to University of Iceland economists Davíd F. Björnsson and Gylfi Zoega, "The policies of the colonial masters in Copenhagen delayed urbanisation. The Danish king maintained a monopoly in trade with Iceland from 1602 until 1855, which made the price of fish artificially low – the price of fish was higher in Britain – and artificially raised the price of agricultural products. Instead, Denmark bought the fish caught from Iceland at below world market prices. Although the trade monopoly ended in 1787, Icelanders could not trade freely with other countries until 1855. Following trade liberalisation, there was a substantial increase in fish exports to Britain, which led to an increase in the number of sailing ships used in fishing, introduced for the first time in 1780. The growth of the fishing industry then created demand for capital, and in 1885 Parliament created the first state bank (Landsbanki). In 1905 came the first motorised fishing vessel, which marked an important step in the development of a specialised fishing industry in Iceland. Iceland exported fresh fish to Britain and salted cod to southern Europe, with Portugal an important export market. Fishing replaced agriculture as the country’s main industry. These developments set the stage for the urbanisation that was to follow in the twentieth century."[30]

A 2017 study looking at individuals going to the capital area for higher education found that "Only about one in three [University of Iceland] students from regions beyond commuting distance return after graduation, while about half remain in the capital area and others mostly emigrate."[31] Iceland's 10 most populous urban areas:

Religion[]

In 2016, 71.6% of the population belonged to the state church (the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Iceland), approximately 5% in free churches, 3.7% to the Roman Catholic Church, approximately 1% to the Ásatrúarfélagið (a legally recognized revival of the pre-Christian religion of Iceland), approximately 1% to Zuism, 8% in unrecognized or unspecified religious groups, and 9% do not belong to any religious group.[32]

Icelandic National Registry[]

Main article: Kennitala

All living Icelanders, as well as all foreign citizens with permanent residence in Iceland, have a personal identification number (kennitala) identifying them in the National Registry. This number is composed of 10 digits, whereof the first six are made up of the individual's birth date in the format DDMMYY. The next two digits are chosen at random when the kennitala is allocated, the 9th digit is a check digit, and the last digit indicates the period of one hundred years in which the individual was born (for instance, '9' for the period 1900–1999). An example would be 120192-3389. While similar, all-inclusive personal registries exist in other countries, the use of the national registry is unusually extensive in Iceland. It is worth noting that the completeness of the National Registry eliminates any need for census to be performed.

Summary of vital statistics since 1900[]

Data according to Statistics Iceland, which collects the official statistics for Iceland.[33][34][35]

Year Average
population
Live
births 		Deaths Natural
change 		Crude
birth rate
(per 1000) 		Crude
death rate
(per 1000) 		Natural
change
(per 1000) 		Total
fertility
rate
1900 78,000 2,237 1,545 692 28.6 19.8 8.9 3.93
1901 78,000 2,179 1,155 1,024 27.8 14.7 13.1 3.86
1902 79,000 2,220 1,262 958 28.1 16.0 12.1 3.95
1903 79,000 2,244 1,324 920 28.3 16.7 11.6 4.00
1904 80,000 2,293 1,242 1,051 28.7 15.5 13.2 4.09
1905 81,000 2,271 1,435 836 28.1 17.8 10.4 4.02
1906 82,000 2,346 1,193 1,153 28.8 14.6 14.2 4.14
1907 83,000 2,304 1,396 908 27.9 16.9 11.0 4.04
1908 83,000 2,270 1,594 676 27.3 19.1 8.2 4.01
1909 84,000 2,283 1,263 1,020 27.2 15.0 12.2 4.00
1910 85,000 2,171 1,304 867 25.6 15.4 10.2 3.79
1911 85,000 2,205 1,152 1,053 25.8 13.5 12.3 3.80
1912 86,000 2,234 1,171 1,063 26.0 13.6 12.4 3.82
1913 87,000 2,216 1,060 1,156 25.6 12.2 13.4 3.76
1914 88,000 2,338 1,428 910 26.7 16.3 10.4 3.90
1915 89,000 2,446 1,376 1,070 27.6 15.5 12.1 4.00
1916 89,000 2,377 1,322 1,055 26.6 14.8 11.8 3.81
1917 91,000 2,427 1,111 1,316 26.8 12.3 14.5 3.82
1918 92,000 2,441 1,518 923 26.6 16.6 10.1 3.78
1919 92,000 2,342 1,169 1,173 25.4 12.7 12.7 3.62
1920 94,000 2,627 1,360 1,267 28.1 14.5 13.6 3.96
1921 95,000 2,601 1,478 1,123 27.4 15.6 11.8 3.87
1922 96,000 2,546 1,280 1,266 26.6 13.4 13.2 3.72
1923 97,000 2,612 1,287 1,325 26.9 13.3 13.7 3.77
1924 98,000 2,525 1,462 1,063 25.7 14.9 10.8 3.62
1925 99,000 2,554 1,229 1,325 25.7 12.4 13.3 3.59
1926 101,000 2,676 1,121 1,555 26.5 11.1 15.4 3.71
1927 103,000 2,642 1,282 1,360 25.8 12.5 13.3 3.59
1928 104,000 2,542 1,124 1,418 24.4 10.8 13.6 3.40
1929 106,000 2,644 1,237 1,407 25.0 11.7 13.3 3.47
1930 107,000 2,808 1,248 1,560 26.1 11.6 14.5 3.59
1931 109,000 2,804 1,277 1,527 25.7 11.7 14.0 3.53
1932 111,000 2,696 1,191 1,505 24.4 10.8 13.6 3.31
1933 112,000 2,531 1,159 1,372 22.5 10.3 12.2 3.07
1934 114,000 2,597 1,181 1,416 22.8 10.4 12.4 3.10
1935 115,000 2,551 1,402 1,149 22.1 12.2 10.0 2.99
1936 116,000 2,557 1,253 1,304 22.0 10.8 11.2 2.98
1937 117,000 2,397 1,317 1,080 20.4 11.2 9.2 2.78
1938 118,000 2,374 1,207 1,167 20.1 10.2 9.9 2.71
1939 120,000 2,363 1,160 1,203 19.8 9.7 10.1 2.68
1940 121,000 2,480 1,200 1,280 20.5 9.9 10.6 2.75
1941 122,000 2,634 1,352 1,282 21.6 11.1 10.5 2.91
1942 123,000 3,005 1,293 1,712 24.4 10.5 13.9 3.26
1943 125,000 3,173 1,268 1,905 25.4 10.1 15.2 3.36
1944 127,000 3,213 1,218 1,995 25.3 9.6 15.7 3.34
1945 129,000 3,434 1,179 2,255 26.6 9.1 17.5 3.55
1946 132,000 3,434 1,121 2,313 26.1 8.5 17.6 3.47
1947 134,000 3,706 1,162 2,544 27.6 8.6 18.9 3.67
1948 137,000 3,821 1,114 2,707 27.8 8.1 19.7 3.72
1949 140,000 3,884 1,106 2,778 27.8 7.9 19.9 3.73
1950 143,000 4,093 1,122 2,971 28.7 7.9 20.8 3.86
1951 145,000 3,999 1,145 2,854 27.5 7.9 19.6 3.72
1952 148,000 4,075 1,082 2,993 27.5 7.3 20.2 3.79
1953 151,000 4,254 1,118 3,136 28.1 7.4 20.7 3.94
1954 154,000 4,281 1,064 3,217 27.7 6.9 20.8 3.91
1955 158,000 4,505 1,099 3,406 28.5 7.0 21.5 4.07
1956 161,000 4,603 1,153 3,450 28.5 7.2 21.3 4.14
1957 165,000 4,725 1,157 3,568 28.6 7.0 21.6 4.20
1958 168,000 4,641 1,165 3,476 27.5 6.9 20.6 4.09
1959 172,000 4,837 1,242 3,595 28.1 7.2 20.9 4.24
1960 176,000 4,916 1,167 3,749 28.0 6.6 21.4 4.27
1961 179,000 4,563 1,248 3,315 25.5 7.0 18.5 3.88
1962 182,000 4,711 1,237 3,474 25.9 6.8 19.1 3.98
1963 186,000 4,820 1,327 3,493 26.0 7.1 18.9 3.98
1964 189,000 4,787 1,315 3,472 25.3 7.0 18.3 3.86
1965 192,000 4,721 1,291 3,430 24.6 6.7 17.9 3.71
1966 196,000 4,692 1,391 3,301 24.0 7.1 16.9 3.58
1967 199,000 4,404 1,385 3,019 22.2 7.0 15.2 3.28
1968 201,000 4,227 1,390 2,837 21.0 6.9 14.1 3.07
1969 203,000 4,218 1,451 2,767 20.8 7.1 13.7 2.99
1970 204,000 4,023 1,457 2,566 19.7 7.1 12.6 2.81
1971 206,000 4,277 1,501 2,776 20.8 7.3 13.5 2.92
1972 209,000 4,676 1,447 3,229 22.3 6.9 15.4 3.09
1973 212,000 4,598 1,475 3,123 21.7 6.9 14.8 2.95
1974 215,000 4,276 1,495 2,781 19.9 6.9 13.0 2.66
1975 218,000 4,384 1,412 2,972 20.1 6.5 13.6 2.65
1976 220,000 4,291 1,343 2,948 19.5 6.1 13.4 2.52
1977 222,000 3,996 1,435 2,561 18.0 6.5 11.5 2.31
1978 224,000 4,162 1,421 2,741 18.6 6.4 12.2 2.35
1979 226,000 4,475 1,482 2,993 19.8 6.6 13.2 2.49
1980 228,000 4,528 1,538 2,990 19.8 6.7 13.1 2.48
1981 231,000 4,345 1,656 2,689 18.8 7.2 11.6 2.33
1982 234,000 4,337 1,583 2,754 18.5 6.8 11.7 2.26
1983 237,000 4,371 1,653 2,718 18.4 7.0 11.4 2.24
1984 240,000 4,113 1,584 2,529 17.2 6.6 10.6 2.08
1985 241,000 3,856 1,652 2,204 16.0 6.8 9.2 1.93
1986 243,000 3,881 1,598 2,283 16.0 6.6 9.4 1.93
1987 246,000 4,193 1,724 2,469 17.0 7.0 10.0 2.07
1988 250,000 4,673 1,818 2,855 18.7 7.3 11.4 2.27
1989 253,000 4,560 1,716 2,844 18.0 6.8 11.2 2.20
1990 255,000 4,768 1,704 3,064 18.7 6.7 12.0 2.31
1991 258,000 4,533 1,796 2,737 17.6 7.0 10.6 2.19
1992 261,000 4,609 1,719 2,890 17.7 6.6 11.1 2.21
1993 264,000 4,623 1,753 2,870 17.5 6.6 10.9 2.22
1994 266,000 4,442 1,717 2,725 16.7 6.4 10.3 2.14
1995 267,000 4,280 1,923 2,357 16.0 7.2 8.8 2.08
1996 269,000 4,329 1,879 2,450 16.1 7.0 9.1 2.12
1997 271,000 4,151 1,843 2,308 15.3 6.8 8.5 2.04
1998 274,000 4,178 1,821 2,357 15.3 6.7 8.6 2.05
1999 277,000 4,100 1,901 2,199 14.9 6.9 8.0 1.99
2000 281,000 4,315 1,828 2,487 15.5 6.5 9.0 2.08
2001 285,000 4,091 1,725 2,366 14.4 6.1 8.3 1.95
2002 288,000 4,049 1,822 2,227 14.1 6.3 7.8 1.93
2003 290,000 4,143 1,826 2,317 14.3 6.3 8.0 1.99
2004 292,000 4,234 1,824 2,410 14.5 6.2 8.3 2.03
2005 297,000 4,280 1,837 2,443 14.4 6.2 8.2 2.05
2006 304,000 4,415 1,903 2,512 14.7 6.3 8.4 2.07
2007 308,000 4,560 1,943 2,617 14.9 6.3 8.6 2.09
2008 315,000 4,835 1,987 2,848 15.4 6.2 9.2 2.14
2009 318,000 5,026 2,002 3,024 15.8 6.3 9.5 2.22
2010 318,000 4,907 2,020 2,887 15.5 6.4 9.1 2.20
2011 320,000 4,492 1,986 2,506 14.1 6.2 7.9 2.02
2012 321,000 4,533 1,955 2,578 14.1 6.1 8.0 2.04
2013 324,000 4,326 2,154 2,172 13.3 6.6 6.7 1.93
2014 328,000 4,375 2,049 2,326 13.3 6.2 7.1 1.93
2015 331,000 4,129 2,178 1,951 12.5 6.6 5.9 1.81
2016 337,000 4,034 2,309 1,725 12.0 6.9 5.1 1.75
2017 345,000 4,071 2,239 1,832 11.8 6.5 5.3 1.71
2018 354,000 4,228 2,254 1,974 11.9 6.4 5.6 1.71
2019 362,000 4,452 2,275 2,177 12.3 6.3 6.0 1.75
2020 367,000 4,512 2,301 2,211 12.3 6.3 6.0 1.72
2021 373,000 4,870 2,340 2,530 13.1 6.3 6.8

Current vital statistics[]

[36]

Period Live births Deaths Natural increase
January - December 2020 4,530 2,320 +2,210
January - December 2021 4,870 2,340 +2,530
Difference Increase +340 (+7.51%) Negative increase +20 (+0.86%) Increase +320

Population projection[]

Population projection
(1 January)[37]
Year Low Medium High
2014 325,671
2015 332,529
2020 340,418 342,716 346,279
2025 352,280 357,894 365,893
2030 361,853 371,796 385,405
2035 369,888 384,397 404,053
2040 376,580 395,866 422,047
2045 381,846 406,271 439,756
2050 385,536 415,627 457,317
2055 387,489 423,790 474,561
2060 387,597 430,545 490,976

Life expectancy[]

Life expenctancy in Iceland, 1838 to 2019
Period Life expectancy in
Years 		Period Life expectancy in
Years
1950–1955 72.2 1985–1990 77.6
1955–1960 73.2 1990–1995 78.5
1960–1965 73.5 1995–2000 79.1
1965–1970 73.7 2000–2005 80.7
1970–1975 74.2 2005–2010 81.4
1975–1980 76.3 2010–2015 82.2
1980–1985 76.9

Source: UN World Population Prospects[38]

CIA World Factbook demographic statistics[]

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.

Age structure

0–14 years: 20.4% (male 35,418/female 33,887)
15–24 years: 13.5% (male 23,190/female 22,659)
25–54 years: 39.88% (male 68,579/female 66,899)
55–64: 11.81% (male 20,119/female 20,007)
65 years and over: 14.42% (male 22,963/female 26,053) (2017 est.)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.05 males: 1 female
under 15 years: 1.05 males: 1 female

15–24 years: 1.03 males: 1 female

25–54 years: 1.02 males: 1 female
55–64 years: 1.01 males: 1 female
65 years and over: 0.88 males: 1 female
total population: 1.01 male: 1 female (2016 est.)

Maternal mortality rate

3 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)

Infant mortality rate

2.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 83.0 years
male: 80.9 years
female: 85.3 years (2016 est.)

Health expenditures

8.9% of GDP (2014)

Physicians density

3.79 physicians/1,000 population (2015)

Obesity – adult prevalence rate

23.9% (2014)

Education expenditures

7.8% of GDP (2013)

Mother's mean age at first birth

27.4 (2015 est.)

Citizenship of Iceland residents.
  3 000 +
  1 500-3 000
  750-1 500
  500-750
Nationality

noun: Icelander(s)
adjective: Icelandic

Ethnic groups

94% Icelandic, 6% other

Religions

Evangelical Lutheran Church of Iceland (official) 69.9%, Roman Catholic 3.8%, Reykjavik Free Church 2.9%, Hafnarfjörður Free Church 2%, Ásatrú Association 1.1%, The Independent Congregation 1%, other religions 4% (includes Zuist and Pentecostal), none 6.1%, other or unspecified 9.2% (2017 est.)

Languages

Icelandic (English and a second Nordic language, Danish by default, are also a part of the Icelandic compulsory education)[39]

References[]

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  2. ^ "Population – key figures 1703–2017". Px.hagstofa.is. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
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  13. ^ Demographic data as published by Statistics Iceland, found online for the period of 1990 and later Hagtíðindi for the years 1973-1989 Archived 2009-06-07 at the Wayback Machine.
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