Derzhprom

The Derzhprom building in the late 1920s.

Derzhprom building in 2020.

Construction of the Derzhprom building (c. 1925).

Coin commemorating 350 years since the founding of Kharkiv with the Derzhprom building depicted.

Panorama of the Derzhprom building in 2018.

Facade of the Derzhprom building in 2018.

The Derzhprom or Gosprom (Ukrainian: Держпром; Russian: Госпром) building is a constructivist structure in Freedom Square, Kharkiv, Ukraine. Its name is an abbreviation of two words that, taken together, mean State Industry. In English the structure is known as the State Industry Building or the Palace of Industry. It was built during Soviet era in 1928.

It is the first Soviet 13-storey skyscraper.^[1]

Derzhprom takes its unique place as a unique phenomenon of the world architecture among the objects that represent the modernism architecture of the first half of the 20th century, which are already on the UNESCO World Heritage List or the Tentative List.^[2]

Overview[]

The grand opening of the First Soviet skyscraper took place on November 7, 1928.

The building was one of a few showcase projects designed when Kharkiv was the capital of the Ukrainian SSR. It was built by architects Sergei Serafimov, S.Kravets and M.Felger in only three years. The building became the most spacious single structure in the world by the year of its completion in 1928 to be surpassed by New York's skyscrapers in 1930s. Its unique feature lies in the symmetry which can only be felt at one point, in the centre of the square.

The use of concrete in its construction and the system of overhead walkways and individual interlinked towers made it extremely innovative.^[3] It was rated by Reyner Banham as one of the major architectural achievements of the 1920s in his Theory and Design in the First Machine Age and comparable in scale only to the Dessau Bauhaus and the Van Nelle factory in Rotterdam.^[4] This allowed the structure to fully survive any destruction attempts during the Second World War.

In the spring of 1926, it was decided to close the construction due to financial difficulties. Then the head of construction of the State Industry Pavlo Rottert left for Moscow, where he managed to find support for the construction from Felix Dzerzhinsky. In March 1926, he returned to build a skyscraper, and in August 1926 it was decided to finance the construction on an extraordinary basis.

The Dezhprom complex was used as a symbol of modernity in films such as Dziga Vertov's Three Songs about Lenin and Sergei Eisenstein's The General Line. The building's notability was overshadowed following the 1934 move of the Ukrainian capital to Kiev, the later denunciation of Constructivism by Stalinist Architecture and the Second World War. More recently one of its towers was used as a television centre and a TV relay tower was built on its roof.

Interesting facts[]

• The height of the Derzhprom building is 63 m. With the television tower added in 1955 it was 108 m.
• The office area of the Derzhprom building is 60 000 m², the areas of the base is 10760 m².
• The decision to construct the building and to finance it from the Soviet budget was made by Felix Dzherzhynsky in 1926. The cost of the buildings construction was 9 million rubles.
• Initially the building was built by hand using primitive instruments such as shovels, wheelbarrows etc. By the time it was finished the construction techniques employed were mechanized 80%. 5000 workers were involved in its construction working in three shifts.
• At the time of its completion it was the largest "skyscraper" in the USSR and the second in Europe. 1315 carriages of cement, 9000 tonnes of metal, 2700 cars of granite and 40000 m² of glass were used.
• The interior walls, windows, door handles etc. were decorated with an exclusive relief of the letters DHP (ДГП) standing for Derzhprom.
• By the recommendation of the Kharkiv department of Hygiene, all of the door handles were made of copper which was thought at that time and is now known to have antibacterial characteristics to kill microbes.
• 7 of the 12 original elevators still function without being replaced since 1928.
• The length of the bridges that unite the 3 sections of the buildings is 26 metres.
• The 5th entrance has a museum created in 1980 dedicated to the building and to Kharkiv writer Z. Zvonytsky.
• The reconstruction and renovation of the Derzhprom building took more time (7 years) than the construction of the building itself. (3 years)

Architecture[]

Gosprom is a symbol of Kharkiv as of an industrial, modern and big city.^[5]

The architecture of Gosprom has international constructivism, its forms are industrial.^[6] The house has a high aesthetic potential and functionality, its construction is compared to a "communication leap". In the 1920s, such architecture was a novelty not only in Europe but also around the world.^[7]

Architectural functionalism includes the following functions:

• utilitarian — a place for industrial management activities in Ukraine.
• ideological — the disclosure of the idea of industrialization as a progressive phenomenon.
• social — a spacious center of the new Kharkiv, a socially significant object of government, a place of mass events like holidays, demonstrations.
• symbolic — "organized world", a symbol of a new era and industrialization.
• compositional — dominance in the spatial structure of the city; connecting the spaces of the square and the city; demarcation of the square and the city (at the level of the square).
• symatic — laconic forms that lead to archetypal schemes; inclusion in the symbolism of the landscape.

See also[]

Freedom Square (Kharkiv)

References[]

External links[]

• 1930s photographs by Robert Byron
• Article on the building (in Russian)
• View during the war
• Photos by Luftwaffe pilots during World War II, some of the Derzhprom building
• Photo of the Derzhprom building
• Derzhprom/Gosprom building, photographs by Georges Dedoyard and others, Canadian Centre for Architecture (digitized items)

Coordinates: 50°0′23″N 36°13′38″E / 50.00639°N 36.22722°E / 50.00639; 36.22722