Differential group delay

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In optics, differential group delay is the difference in propagation time between the two eigenmodes X and Y polarizations. Consider two eigenmodes that are the 0° and 90° linear polarization states. If the state of polarization of the input signal is the linear state at 45° between the two eigenmodes, the input signal is divided equally into the two eigenmodes. The power of the transmitted signal E_T,total is the combination of the transmitted signals of both x and y modes.

${\displaystyle E_{T}=(E_{i,x}\cdot t_{x})^{2}+(E_{i,y}\cdot t_{y})^{2}\,}$

The differential group delay D_t is defined as the difference in propagation time between the eigenmodes: D_t = |t_t,x − t_t,y|.