Diminazene

Diminazene
Clinical data
Trade names	Azidin, Berenil, Ganasag, Pirocide
Other names	4,4'-(1-Triazene-1,3-diyl)bis(benzenecarboximidamide)
Routes of; administration	IM, SC
ATCvet code	QP51AF01 (WHO) QP51AX07 (WHO);
Legal status
Legal status	Veterinary use only;
Identifiers
	IUPAC name 4-[2-(4-Carbamimidoylphenyl)iminohydrazinyl]benzenecarboximidamide;
CAS Number	536-71-0; aceturate: 908-54-3;
PubChem CID	2354;
ChemSpider	2264;
UNII	Y5G36EEA5Z; aceturate: JI8SAD85NO;
ChEBI	CHEBI:81724 ;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL124025 ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID7043792 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.007.860
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C14H15N7
Molar mass	281.323 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
	SMILES C1=CC(=CC=C1C(=N)N)N/N=N/C2=CC=C(C=C2)C(=N)N;
	InChI InChI=1S/C14H15N7/c15-13(16)9-1-5-11(6-2-9)19-21-20-12-7-3-10(4-8-12)14(17)18/h1-8H,(H3,15,16)(H3,17,18)(H,19,20); Key:XNYZHCFCZNMTFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N;

Diminazene (INN; also known as diminazen) is an anti-infective medication for animals that is sold under a variety of brand names. It is effective against certain protozoa such as Babesia, Trypanosoma, and Cytauxzoon. The drug may also be effective against certain bacteria including Brucella and Streptococcus.^[1]^[2]

Chemically it is a di-amidine and it is formulated as its aceturate salt, diminazene aceturate.

The mechanism is not well understood; it probably inhibits DNA replication,^[1] but also has affinity to RNA.

Side effects[]

Acute side effects include vomiting, diarrhea, and hypotension (low blood pressure). Diminazen can harm the liver, kidneys and brain, which is potentially life-threatening; camels are especially susceptible to these effects.^[1]

Resistance[]

The Gibe River Valley in southwest Ethiopia showed universal resistance between July 1989 and February 1993.^[3] This likely indicates a permanent loss of function in this area against the tested target, T. congolense isolated from Boran cattle.^[3]

References[]

^ ^a ^b ^c Peregrine AS, Mamman M (September 1993). "Pharmacology of diminazene: a review". Acta Tropica. 54 (3–4): 185–203. doi:10.1016/0001-706X(93)90092-P. PMID 7902657.
^ Mungube EO, Vitouley HS, Allegye-Cudjoe E, Diall O, Boucoum Z, Diarra B, et al. (August 2012). "Detection of multiple drug-resistant Trypanosoma congolense populations in village cattle of south-east Mali". Parasites & Vectors. 5: 155. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-5-155. PMC 3432589. PMID 22852796.
^ ^a ^b Mulugeta, Wubet; Wilkes, Jon; Mulatu, Woudyalew; Majiwa, Phelix A.O; Masake, Rachael; Peregrine, Andrew S (1997). "Long-term occurrence of Trypanosoma congolense resistant to diminazene, isometamidium and homidium in cattle at Ghibe, Ethiopia". Acta Tropica. Elsevier BV. 64 (3–4): 205–217. doi:10.1016/s0001-706x(96)00645-6. ISSN 0001-706X. PMID 9107367. S2CID 23878484.

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[Peregrine-1] Peregrine AS, Mamman M (September 1993). "Pharmacology of diminazene: a review". Acta Tropica. 54 (3–4): 185–203. doi:10.1016/0001-706X(93)90092-P. PMID 7902657.

[2] Mungube EO, Vitouley HS, Allegye-Cudjoe E, Diall O, Boucoum Z, Diarra B, et al. (August 2012). "Detection of multiple drug-resistant Trypanosoma congolense populations in village cattle of south-east Mali". Parasites & Vectors. 5: 155. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-5-155. PMC 3432589. PMID 22852796.

[Mulugeta-et-al-1997-3] Mulugeta, Wubet; Wilkes, Jon; Mulatu, Woudyalew; Majiwa, Phelix A.O; Masake, Rachael; Peregrine, Andrew S (1997). "Long-term occurrence of Trypanosoma congolense resistant to diminazene, isometamidium and homidium in cattle at Ghibe, Ethiopia". Acta Tropica. Elsevier BV. 64 (3–4): 205–217. doi:10.1016/s0001-706x(96)00645-6. ISSN 0001-706X. PMID 9107367. S2CID 23878484.

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