Dixie Fire

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Dixie Fire
Pyrocumulus cloud produced by the Dixie Fire on July 22-5865.jpg
Fire cloud produced by the Dixie Fire, as seen from a country road north of Chico on the evening of July 22 Dixie fire is the most deadliest fire in California
LocationNorthern California
  • Butte County
  • Plumas County
  • Shasta County
  • Tehama County
  • Lassen County
Coordinates39°49′08″N 121°25′08″W / 39.819°N 121.419°W / 39.819; -121.419
Statistics
Cost$1.15 BILLION USD (minimum estimate) [1]
Date(s)July 13, 2021 — October 25, 2021
Burned area963,309 acres
1,505 square miles
3,898 square kilometres
389,837 hectares[2]
CauseTree contacting electrical distribution lines[3]
Buildings destroyed1,329 destroyed and 95 damaged[4]
Deaths1 (firefighter)
Non-fatal injuries3 firefighters
Perpetrator(s)Pacific Gas & Electric (PG&E)
MotiveCause determined, federal prosecutors continue to determine whether PG&E bears criminal responsibility[5]
Map
Dixie Fire is located in California
Dixie Fire
Location in Northern California

The Dixie Fire was an enormous wildfire in Butte, Plumas, Lassen, Shasta, and Tehama Counties, California.[6] It is named after the creek near where it started. The fire began in the Feather River Canyon near Cresta Dam on July 13, 2021, and burned 963,309 acres (389,837 ha) before being 100% contained on October 25, 2021.[7] It was the largest non-complex wildfire in the state's history, and the second-largest overall. It was the first fire known to have burned across the crest of the Sierra Nevada. The fire damaged or destroyed several small towns, including Greenville on August 4 and Canyondam on August 5.[8]

By July 23, it had become the largest wildfire of the 2021 California fire season;[9][10] by August 6, it had grown to become the largest single (i.e. non-complex) wildfire in the state's history, and the second-largest wildfire overall (after the August Complex fire of 2020),[11][12] bigger than the state of Rhode Island. It was the first fire known to have burned across the crest of the Sierra Nevada (followed by the Caldor Fire a few days later).[13][14]

Smoke from the Dixie Fire caused unhealthy air quality across the Western United States,[15] including states as far east as Utah[16][17] and Colorado.[18]

Timeline[]

July[]

Early on, Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E) stated that it believes the fire may have been started by its equipment, sparking the fire near the same network of PG&E power lines where the Camp Fire originated.[19][20] A minor power outage was detected on the morning of July 13.[21] A PG&E maintenance worker, who had been considerably delayed by bridge repairs blocking his route to the remote site, arrived to find a fallen tree on a live power line.[21] It had started a small brush fire. He attempted to extinguish the blaze by himself, without success. Cal Fire sent aircraft to drop water on the fire. Ground crews tried to reach the site, but they were delayed by poor roads.[21] An illegal drone appeared over the fire, endangering and forcing a premature halt to helicopter operations that were intended to extinguish the blaze and which may have "played a major part in the blaze burning out of control after darkness fell."[21]

Over the next few days the fire progressed rapidly northeast along the Feather River canyon, forcing the closure of Highway 70, the Union Pacific Railroad’s Feather River Route, and nearby areas of the Plumas National Forest and Lassen National Forest. By July 19 it had burned 40,500 acres (16,400 ha); over the next two days, the fire more than doubled in size to 85,000 acres (34,000 ha), driven by high winds.[22] As of July 21, the fire was 15 percent contained, with nearly 4,000 firefighters and numerous aircraft assigned to the incident.[23]

By July 23, flames had traveled north almost to Highway 89 and Lake Almanor, after jumping over Butte Valley Reservoir. On the east flank, the fire was advancing toward Bucks Lake and Indian Valley, and on the west, it was burning toward Butte Meadows. It had grown to 167,430 acres (67,760 ha) with 18 percent containment.[24] Governor Gavin Newsom declared a state of emergency for Plumas, Butte, Lassen and Alpine counties due to the Dixie, Fly and Tamarack Fires.[25]

On July 24 the fire expanded rapidly east, burning through Paxton and then Indian Falls, destroying around a dozen structures.[26] Firefighters successfully kept the fire north of Bucks Lake, while flames approached the Indian Valley communities of Crescent Mills, Greenville and Taylorsville on the east. Later that night it merged with the smaller Fly Fire, which had started the previous day north of Quincy and burned over 4,300 acres (1,700 ha).[27] The Dixie Fire grew to 181,289 acres (73,365 ha) with 19 percent containment.[28]

On July 30 the fire was at 240,595 acres (97,365 ha), becoming the 11th largest wildfire in California history, having grown 20,000 acres (8,100 ha) in a single day. However, much of the growth was due to islands of unburned vegetation within the fire perimeter, as well as back burning operations to protect homes in Butte Meadows and Jonesville.[29] Firefighters also contained the eastward spread of the fire with back burning from Mount Hough down to Quincy.[30]

August[]

Dixie Fire on August 4, 2021, as seen by Landsat 7[31]

At the start of August, the fire was most active on the north flank, having split into two main branches, with one burning up the western shore of Lake Almanor, and the other burning northeast toward Indian Valley. Fire activity was greatly decreased along the south side from Bucks Lake to Quincy, as well as the west side around Butte Meadows. Beginning on August 3, after several days of calmer weather, a major wind event drove the fire up the west shore of Lake Almanor, threatening Chester and other nearby communities. Firefighting efforts were concentrated on protecting the town, while the fire front continued sweeping north into Lassen County, the Lassen National Forest and the eastern side of Lassen Volcanic National Park.[32]

Airtanker at Chico Municipal Airport on August 8, 2021

On the evening of August 4, the northeast flank of the fire jumped containment lines at Indian Valley and burned through the town of Greenville. An estimated 75 percent of structures in Greenville were destroyed, including much of the downtown and numerous nearby homes. The firestorm was compared to "a huge tornado" and took less than half an hour to destroy the town before leaping to the other side of Indian Valley and continuing northeast towards Mountain Meadows Reservoir.[33] The whole Dixie Fire grew to over 320,000 acres (130,000 ha), an increase of 50,000 acres (20,000 ha) in the previous two days, and was 35 percent contained. It became the sixth-largest wildfire in California history, surpassing the North Complex that burned nearby in 2020.[34][35]

On August 5, the fire burned much of Canyondam as it approached the eastern shore of Lake Almanor.[36] By the morning of August 8, the fire had grown to 463,477 acres (187,562 ha), surpassing the 2018 Mendocino Complex Fire to become the second largest fire in the state's history, with containment falling to 21 percent.[37][6] Starting on August 13 increased winds pushed flames primarily to the east. The northern section of the fire expanded around the north side of Lake Almanor, heading east and south and threatening Westwood.[38] The fire's eastern section, having burned past Indian Valley, continued to race east towards Antelope Lake.[citation needed] It became the first fire to ever cross from the west side of the Sierra Nevada to the valley floor on the east side.[13][14]

In the evening of August 16, winds of up to 30 mph (48 kmh) drove embers from the Dixie Fire over the Diamond Mountains and into the Honey Lake Valley. A number of spot fires ignited south of Janesville and crossed Highway 395, destroying several homes.[39] This put areas south of Johnstonville under mandatory evacuation warning, including the town of Janesville. Continued southwest winds threatened to push the fire towards Susanville.[40] In Lassen National Park, the area burned within the park had doubled to 22,000 acres (8,900 ha), and firefighters were building line to protect Manzanita Lake and Old Station areas.[41]

On August 18, the Dixie Fire merged with the Morgan Fire, which had been started by lightning August 12, near the south entrance of Lassen National Park. In addition to burning north into the park, the Morgan Fire had threatened the communities of Mineral and Mill Creek just to the south. The Morgan and Dixie fires were joined by a backfire set in order to reduce fuels adjacent to the two towns.[42] By the end of the day, the Dixie Fire had grown to over 635,000 acres (257,000 ha), an increase of more than 80,000 acres (32,000 ha) since August 15, with containment at 33 percent.[43][44]

By August 22, the Dixie Fire approached Milford but crews were able to protect the structures and containment rose to 37%, the highest since the fire began. Growth of the fire slowed overnight due to increased humidity but overall weather conditions remain challenging.[45]

Associated arson[]

On August 10, Gary Stephen Maynard, a former University professor, was charged with starting a fire near the perimeter of the Dixie fire. On July 20, 2021, a U.S. Forest Service investigator had encountered him where a small fire had been set and referred to as the "Cascade Fire." The investigator photographed Maynard's vehicle.[46] Tire tracks similar to those made by Maynard's vehicle had been found near the 300-acre (almost 1/2 square mile) Bradley fire on July 11 and the negligible Everitt fire on July 21 in the Shasta-Trinity National Forest.[46] On August 3, using a traffic stop as a subterfuge to distract Maynard, an investigator placed a magnetic tracking device on the suspect's car while he was in the vicinity of the Moon fire which had ignited August 5,[47] and the Ranch and Conard fires, which ignited on August 7, in Lassen National Forest.[46] He was also believed to have been in the vicinity of the Sweetbriar fire, that started on August 6. Deputies from Lassen County took Maynard into custody when he was discovered in an emergency closure area close to the Conard fire.[46] In 2020, a former colleague of Maynard had alerted San Jose, California police to his alarming mental state.[46] Through obtaining his phone number recorded in that report, investigators traced the locations of his associated cell phone and his use of an Electronic benefit transfer (EBT) card to the vicinities of still more fires.[47] The charging documents indicated that the fires had been set behind first responders who were engaged in fighting blazes, compromising their safety. Thanks to a subpoena, investigators were being alerted by Verizon Wireless of Maynard's location every 15 minutes,[47] before his apprehension.

September[]

The fire continued burning in the two management zones, the East Zone and West Zone. The eastern zone was mostly Plumas National Forest and the western zone was mostly Lassen Volcanic National Park and Lassen National Forest. The eastern zone extended to the escarpment south of Milford, where firefighters continued efforts to protect the town. By September 6, containment had reached 57%, but extreme fire activity continued and strong winds pushed the fire down off the escarpment to containment lines at the base of the slope.[48][49] By September 10, fire crews were "mopping up" heat near the fire's edge south of Milford. in the West Zone, winds pushed the fire to the northeast, threatening Hat Creek, and Old Station.[50] Old Station was put under evacuation orders on September 8, and by the 10th, the fire had jumped containment lines and crossed Highway 44.[51] Fire crews began using BNSF Railway's fire train, which can deliver 30,000 gallons of water per load to fill water tenders.[50] On September 9, the weather became more favorable, especially in the West Zone, with calm winds, cooler temperatures down into the 30s overnight, up to a quarter-inch of rain, and rising humidity resulting in minimal fire activity. Favorable conditions were expected to continue throughout the week.[52] As of September 13, the few remaining areas of persistent heat and flames were all within the interior of the burned area,[53] and containment had increased to 86% by September 16.[54] By 18 September, the fire was 88% contained; firefighters reinforced containment lines and monitored/patrolled the fire for hot spots within the fire lines.[55] As of 18 September, fire crews continued to monitor, patrol, and respond to hotspots within the fire. Weather conditions deteriorated leading to potential increase in fire activity due to the increased winds.[55] Rain and work by firefighters on 19 September kept fire activity within the existing perimeter and the increase in reported acreage reflected vegetation burned within that perimeter.[56] On 22 September, containment reached 95% and firefighters successfully contained the last portion of uncontained fire in the Devil's Punchbowl area of the East Zone.[57] On 1 October, Devil's Punchbowl was devoid of heat based on infrared data and Inciweb indicated a 94% overall containment for the Dixie Fire (East and West Zone).[58]

January 2022 - cause determined[]

On January 4th, 2022, CalFire determined that "the Dixie Fire was caused by a tree contacting electrical distribution lines owned and operated by Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E) located west of Cresta Dam." CalFire forwarded the investigative report to the Butte County District Attorney's office, the same federal office that prosecuted PG&E in 2018 following the Camp Fire.[59] PG&E pled guilty to 85 felonies in that case.[60]

Though the 2018 and 2021 fires were both ignited in the Feather River canyon - ignitions were about 5 miles apart[61] - the Camp Fire was caused by a faulty hook on a transmission tower that resulted in a power line touching the ground,[62] while the Dixie Fire was caused by a "healthy green tree" failing and striking distribution lines.[63]

Detailed chronologies and visualizations[]

Impacts[]

Casualties and damage[]

Fire perimeter in Lassen Volcanic National Park as of August 31
Charred trees near Lake Almanor where firefighters had set a controlled back burn in order to save structures along the shore

As of September 19, the fire had destroyed or damaged at least 1,329 structures,[2] of which at at least 600 were residential, with 14,000 more threatened.[67][68] In downtown Greenville the fire destroyed multiple historic buildings, many dating back to the 19th-Century California Gold Rush. In Lassen National Park, the fire destroyed the Mount Harkness Fire Lookout and possibly other historic facilities within the park.[69] The valley that was returned to the Maidu as part of the Pacific Gas and Electric Company bankruptcy in 2019 lost a historic stagecoach stop and suffered damages to its cattle-grazing and culturally significant planting areas.[64]

Three firefighters have been injured on the Dixie fire. One fatality has been reported: a firefighter died due to COVID-19 during suppression efforts.[6][70] As of August 6, there were eight civilians reported missing in the area of Greenville, Crescent Mills and Chester.[71]

Evacuations[]

Fire engine from Calimesa in downtown Chico during the Dixie Fire. As of July 24, about 4,266 firefighters were on the fire with 365 engines, 60 water tenders, 31 helicopters, 76 hand crews and 100 dozers.[72]

On July 21, evacuation orders were issued for Butte Meadows in northeast Butte County and the west shore of Lake Almanor in Plumas County, while the east shore of Almanor and the town of Chester were under an evacuation warning.[73][74] By July 24 evacuation orders were extended to Greenville, Crescent Mills, Taylorsville, and other communities along the Feather River canyons east and west of the fire, as well as Bucks Lake, Meadow Valley and parts of Quincy.[75] As of July 25, about 7,400 people in Plumas County and 100 people in Butte County had been evacuated.[27]

On August 3, Chester, Lake Almanor Peninsula and Hamilton Branch were evacuated as the fire advanced north toward Lassen National Park, bringing the total number of people evacuated to 26,500.[76] On August 4 evacuation orders were issued in southwest Lassen County, particularly the areas south of Highway 44 and Mountain Meadows Reservoir, and evacuation warnings for Westwood and Pine Town.[77]

A list of previous evacuation orders is available from Cal Fire.

Closures[]

On July 24, Lassen National Park was closed to backcountry camping, and the Warner Valley and Juniper Lake areas were closed to all visitors.[78] On August 5, the entire park was closed to visitors as the Dixie Fire burned into the eastern side of the park.[33]

As of August 2, State Routes 32, 89, 147, 36, and 70 were closed to through traffic in the area of the Dixie Fire.[79]

Air pollution[]

Smoke from the Dixie Fire caused unhealthy air quality throughout the Western United States.[15] On August 6 in Salt Lake City the small airborne particulates (PM2.5) level spiked to more than 3 times the federal standard, and caused the area to temporarily have the worst air quality in the world.[16][17] The particulates causing the poor air quality in Utah came from the Dixie and other fires. In early August, the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment reported unhealthy air pollution levels in much of the state.[18]

While not attributed specifically to the Dixie Fire, air quality in New York City was poorer than usual during the summer of 2021 due to wildfires in the western U.S.[80][81]

Costs[]

The Dixie Fire resulted in the most expensive fire-suppression effort in California history. By mid-October, three months into the fire, firefighting costs had exceeded $610 million.[82]

Progression and containment status[]

Fire containment status
Gray: contained; Red: active; %: percent contained;
Date Area burned
acres (km2)		 Containment
Jul 14 2,200 (9)[83]
0%
Jul 16 8,754 (35)[84]
0%
Jul 17 9,847 (40)[85]
9%
Jul 18 15,074 (61)[86]
15%
Jul 19 30,074 (122)[87]
15%
Jul 20 59,984 (243)[88]
15%
Jul 21 85,479 (346)[89]
15%
Jul 22 103,910 (421)[90]
17%
Jul 23 167,430 (678)[24]
18%
Jul 24 181,289 (734)[91]
19%
Jul 25 190,625 (771)[92]
21%
Jul 26 197,487 (799)[93]
22%
Jul 27 212,799 (861)[94]
23%
Jul 28 217,581 (881)[95]
23%
Jul 29 221,504 (896)[96]
23%
Jul 30 240,595 (974)[97]
24%
Jul 31 244,388 (989)[98]
30%
Aug 1 248,570 (1,006)[99]
33%
Aug 2 249,635 (1,010)[100]
35%
Aug 3 253,052 (1,024)[101]
35%
Aug 4 274,139 (1,109)[102]
35%
Aug 5 322,502 (1,305)[103]
35%
Aug 6 432,813 (1,752)[104]
35%
Aug 7 446,723 (1,808)[105]
21%
Aug 8 463,477 (1,876)[106]
21%
Aug 9 489,287 (1,980)[107]
21%
Aug 10 487,764 (1,974)[108]
25%
Aug 11 505,413 (2,045)[109]
30%
Aug 12 515,756 (2,087)[110]
31%
Aug 13 517,945 (2,096)[111]
31%
Aug 14 540,581 (2,188)[112]
31%
Aug 15 554,816 (2,245)[43]
31%
Aug 16 569,707 (2,306)[113]
31%
Aug 17 604,511 (2,446)[114]
31%
Aug 18 635,728 (2,573)[44]
33%
Aug 19 678,369 (2,745)[115]
35%
Aug 20 700,630 (2,835)[116]
35%
Aug 21 714,219 (2,890)[117]
36%
Aug 22 721,298 (2,919)[45]
37%
Aug 23 725,821 (2,937)[118]
40%
Aug 24 731,310 (2,960)[119]
41%
Aug 25 735,064 (2,975)[120]
45%
Aug 26 747,091 (3,023)[121]
45%
Aug 27 750,672 (3,038)[122]
48%
Aug 28 756,768 (3,063)[123]
48%
Aug 30 771,183 (3,121)[124]
48%
Aug 31 807,396 (3,267)[125]
48%
Sep 1 844,081 (3,416)[126]
52%
Sep 2 859,457 (3,478)[127]
55%
Sep 3 868,781 (3,516)[128]
55%
Sep 4 885,954 (3,585)[129]
55%
Sep 5 893,852 (3,617)[130]
56%
Sep 6 910,495 (3,685)[48]
57%
Sep 7 917,579 (3,713)[131]
59%
Sep 8 922,192 (3,732)[132]
59%
Sep 9 927,320 (3,753)[133]
59%
Sep 10 950,591 (3,847)[50]
59%
Sep 11 959,253 (3,882)[134]
62%
Sep 12 960,213 (3,886)[52]
65%
Sep 13 960,335 (3,886)[53]
75%
Sep 14 960,470 (3,887)[135]
75%
Sep 15 960,470 (3,887)[136]
75%
Sep 16 960,470 (3,887)[54]
86%
Sep 17 960,581 (3,887)[137]
86%
Sep 18 960,641 (3,888)[55]
88%
Sep 19 963,301 (3,898)[56]
88%
Sep 20 963,195 (3,898)[138]
90%
Sep 21 963,276 (3,898)[139]
90%
Sep 22 963,276 (3,898)[57]
95%
Sep 26 963,276 (3,898)[140]
94%
Sep 27 963,276 (3,898)[141]
94%
Sep 28 963,309 (3,898)[142]
94%
Sep 29 963,309 (3,898)[143]
94%
Sep 30 963,309 (3,898)[144]
94%
Oct 01 963,309 (3,898)[145]
94%
Oct 02 963,309 (3,898)[146]
94%
Oct 17 963,309 (3,898)[147]
94%
Oct 18 963,309 (3,898)[148]
94%
Oct 19 963,309 (3,898)[149]
95%
Oct 20 963,309 (3,898)[150]
95%
Oct 21 963,309 (3,898)[151]
97%
Oct 22 963,309 (3,898)[152]
97%
Oct 23 963,309 (3,898)[153]
97%
Oct 24 963,309 (3,898)[154]
97%
Oct 25 963,309 (3,898)[7]
100%

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