Dom Luís I Bridge

Dom Luís I Bridge Ponte de Dom Luís I
Coordinates	41°08′24″N 8°36′34″W / 41.139863°N 8.609336°W / 41.139863; -8.609336Coordinates: 41°08′24″N 8°36′34″W / 41.139863°N 8.609336°W / 41.139863; -8.609336
Carries	Light rail line and pedestrians (upper deck) General traffic and pedestrians (lower deck)
Crosses	Rio Douro
Locale	Porto, between the City of Porto proper and Vila Nova de Gaia
Official name	Ponte de D. Luís
Heritage status	Property of Public Interest Imóvel de Interesse Público; Decree 28/82, Diário da República, Série 1, 47 (26 February 1982); Included in the Historic Centre of the City of Porto (PT011312140163) and partially included in the Historic Zone of the City of Porto (PT011312070086)
SIPA Identification	IPA.0000554/PT011312140057
Preceded by	Ponte Pênsil
Characteristics
Design	Two-hinged double-deck arch bridge
Material	Iron
Trough construction	Granite
Pier construction	Asphalt
Total length	Two decks of varying lengths: 172 metres (564 ft) (lower deck) and 395.25 metres (1,296.8 ft)
Width	8 metres (26 ft) vehicular width (between pedestrian walkways)
Height	85 metres (279 ft)
Longest span	395.25 metres (1,296.8 ft)
History
Designer	Théophile Seyrig
Constructed by	Société Willebreck
Construction start	21 November 1881
Construction end	30 October 1886
Construction cost	369,000$00 réis[1]
Inaugurated	31 October 1886
Statistics
Toll	1 November 1886-1 January 1944
Location
Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap

The Dom Luís I Bridge (Portuguese: Ponte de Dom Luís I), or Luís I Bridge, is a double-deck metal arch bridge that spans the River Douro between the cities of Porto and Vila Nova de Gaia in Portugal. At its construction, its 172 metres (564 ft) span was the longest of its type in the world. It has been confused with the nearby Maria Pia Bridge, a railway bridge that was built 9 years earlier (and is located 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) to the east), which is similar in aspect to the Luís I bridge.

History[]

A view of the initial construction of the bridge from river mouth (1881-1886)

An 1883 view of Ponte Pênsil and Luís I, showing the construction of the archway

A turn of the century perspective of the bridge, taken northward from Vila Nova de Gaia

In 1879, Gustave Eiffel presented a project to construct a new bridge over the Douro, with a high single deck in order to facilitate ship navigation.^[2] This project was rejected due to dramatic growth of the urban population, which required a re-thinking of the limits of a single-deck platform.^[2]

A competition was initiated in November 1880, in order to construct a double-deck metal bridge, which included projects by Compagnie de Fives-Lille, Cail & C., Schneider & Co., Gustave Eiffel, Lecoq & Co., Société de Braine-le-Comte, Société des Batignolles (which submitted two ideas), Andrew Handyside & Co., Société de Construction de Willebroek (also two projects) and John Dixon.^[2] It was in January of the following year that deliberations by the committee supported the project of Société de Willebroek, a design that cost 369 000$000^{[clarification needed]} réis and provided better carrying capacity.^[2] On 21 November 1881, the public work was awarded to the Belgian Société de Willebreok, from Brussels, for 402 contos. It was to be administrated by Théophile Seyrig, a disciple of Gustave Eiffel and author of the project. Seyrig had worked on the D. Maria bridge with Eiffel, hence the resemblance of his new bridge to the D. Maria bridge.^[2] Construction began on the Ponte Luís I alongside the towers of an earlier railway suspension bridge, the Ponte Pênsil, which was disassembled.^[2]

By 26 May 1886, the first weight experiments began, with the transport of a 2,000 kilograms (4,400 lb) per metre.^[2] On 30 October construction of the main arch and upper deck were concluded, resulting in its inauguration the very next day.^[2] On 1 November, a toll system began to operate under the administration of the winning company, that was equal to 4 reís per person.^[2] The following year the lower deck was inaugurated, completing the project. During its ceremonies, the bridge was blessed by Bishop D. Américo.^[2]

By the turn of the century (1908) electric carriages were installed in the city centre, extending to the bridge.^[2]

On 1 January 1944, the toll system was extinguished and the bridge began to function as free infrastructure of the municipal authority of Porto.^[2] Originally and for more than a century, the bridge carried road traffic on both decks. Along with other vehicles, electric trams crossed the upper deck from 1908^[2] until May 1959, and trolleybuses crossed both decks from May 1959 until 1993.^[3] By 1954, public works were initiated on the bridge under the direction of engineer Edgar Cardoso, who extended the decks and removed the electrification of the deck.^[2]

In 1982, the bridge was designated a cultural heritage Imóvel de Interesse Público (Property of Public Interest) by national agency IGESPAR, the Portuguese Institute for the Management of Architectural and Archaeological Heritage.^[4]

Luís I Bridge, September 2019

On 27 June 2003, the upper deck was closed to motor traffic in order to adapt the structure for the metro system. Infante Dom Henrique Bridge, 500 m (1,600 ft) upriver, was completed three months earlier to provide an alternative vehicle connection between Porto and Vila Nova de Gaia. The new "D Line" was inaugurated on 18 September 2005, and opened to the metro trams and pedestrian traffic.^[2] With more traffic and demographic growth, in March 2006, a project to enlarge the lower deck was elaborated by architect Virgínio Moutinho and engineers António and José António Campos e Matos.^[2] However, the municipal council of Porto asked the Direção-Geral do Património Cultural (Directorate-General for Cultural Patrimony) to avoid a decision on the project, as it was being rethought.^[2]

Architecture[]

Night view of the bridge showing the historic centre of Porto and main archway

The decks and archway emblematic of the D. Luís bridge

Ponte Dom Luis I (1886) over the river Douro in Porto

The bridge is situated in an isolated, urban area over the River Douro between the granite banks, where the Cathedral of Porto and the escarpment of the Serra do Pilar, forming a box valley. It is 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) from the bridge of D. Maria Pia and, farther along, the Arrábida Bridge.^[2] On the Porto side, the lower deck connects the Cais da Ribeira and the upper Avenida Vímara Peres, while the bank of Vila Nova de Gaia to the Avenida Diogo Leite and Avenida da República, respectively. Access to the Porto side is located along the Pillars of Ponte Pênsil, while the Guindais Funicular, the Church and Shelter of Ferro, the Fernandina Walls and the Monastery of Serra do Pilar.^[2]

The iron bridge has two decks, of differing heights and widths, between which develop a large 172.5 metres (566 ft) diameter, central arch supporting these upper and lower decks.^[2] Both decks are moored to the riverbanks by means of masonry piers.^[2] Those in the upper deck, are rectangular with a trimmed cornice finish, consisting of two staggered registers separated by cornice and interlacing struts.^[2] The lower deck is based on large foundations supporting molded cornices and wedges linked together by a felled arch, and framed by interlacing beams.^[2] At the base of the arches, facing the riverbanks, are large marble plaques with inscriptions "PONTE LUIZ I", and on the upstream face are stones representing royal coat-of-arms, with a shield framed by garlands.^[2] At the base of the lower deck, are iron-pillared, pyramidal-truncated pillars, erected in three sections, that attach to the upper deck.^[2]

The bridge has an asphalt pavement for vehicular traffic, separated by cast iron guards, that limit the pedestrian sidewalks, that develop laterally.^[2] The central arch emerges from the bollards at the foundations and decreasing thickness towards the center.^[2] The upper deck, also flanked by pedestrian walkways protected by cast iron guards (similar to the lower deck), was also asphalt-paved^[2] until converted to carry light rail trains of the Porto Metro in the mid-2000s. From this deck are lamps used for illumination, confronting and connected, forming decorative circles at the angles. Under the guard is cut-out-like lambrequin decorated with phytomorphic elements.^[2]

References[]

Notes[]

Sources[]

• Almeida, Pedro Vieira da; Fernandes, José Manuel (1986), Episódio Arte Nova e a Arquitectura do ferro in História da Arte em Portugal (in Portuguese), 14, Lisbon, Portugal, pp. 91–103
• Coentrão, Abel (6 August 2016), "Projeto de alargamento da Ponte Luís I está a ser repensado", Público (in Portuguese), p. 22
• Martins, Maria do Rosário França; Torres, Maria Teresa Pinheiro; Freire, Paula Cristina Martins (1998), Pontes Metálicas Rodoviárias (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal
• MOP, ed. (1963) [1962], Relatório da Actividade do Ministério no Ano de (in Portuguese), 2, Lisbon, Portugal: Ministério das Obras Públicas
• Pacheco, Helder (1984), Porto: Novos Guias de Portugal (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal
• Dioníso, Santana (1985), Guia de Portugal (in Portuguese), 4 (Tomo I ed.), Coimbra, Portugal
• Prae, Marcel (1988), Pontes et viaducs au XIXe S., techniques nouvelles et grandes realisations, collection Art & Patrimoine Sélection (in French), Paris, France
• Porto a Património Mundial. Processo de Candidatura (in Portuguese), Porto, Portugal, 1993
• Quaresma, Maria Clementina de Carvalho (1995), Inventário Artístico de Portugal - Cidade do Porto (in Portuguese), 13, Lisbon, Portugal
• Cordeiro, José Manuel Lopes (1 November 2011), "Ex-libris do Porto faz 125 anos", O Tripeiro (in Portuguese) (Série 2 ed.), pp. 328–329

External links[]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dom Luis I bridge.

• Dom Luís I Bridge at Structurae
• Dom Luís Bridge on en.Broer.no