Donald D. Hoffman

This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. Find sources:  –  ·  ·  · scholar · JSTOR (February 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

Donald D. Hoffman
Born	(1955-12-29) December 29, 1955 (age 65) San Antonio, Texas, USA
Alma mater	UCLA (B.A. 1978) M.I.T. (Ph.D. 1983)
Scientific career
Fields	Cognitive science

Donald David Hoffman (born December 29, 1955) is an American cognitive psychologist and popular science author. He is a professor in the Department of Cognitive Sciences at the University of California, Irvine, with joint appointments in the Department of Philosophy, the Department of Logic and Philosophy of Science, and the School of Computer Science.

Hoffman studies consciousness, visual perception and evolutionary psychology using mathematical models and psychophysical experiments. His research subjects include facial attractiveness, the recognition of shape, the perception of motion and color, the evolution of perception, and the mind-body problem.^[1][2] He has co-authored two technical books: Observer Mechanics: A Formal Theory of Perception (1989) offers a theory of consciousness and its relationship to physics; Automotive Lighting and Human Vision (2005) applies vision science to vehicle lighting. His book Visual Intelligence: How We Create What We See (1998) presents the modern science of visual perception to a broad audience. His 2015 TED Talk, "Do we see reality as it is?" explains how our perceptions have evolved to hide reality from us.^[3]

Biography[]

Play media

Donald Hoffman is being interviewed for the Dutch TV-show The Mind of the Universe.

Hoffman received a Bachelor of Arts degree in quantitative psychology from the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) in 1978, and earned his Doctorate of Philosophy in computational psychology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1983 under David Marr and Whitman Richards. He was briefly a Research Scientist at the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory of MIT, and then became an assistant professor at the University of California at Irvine (UCI) in 1983. He has remained on the faculty of UCI since then, with a sabbatical during the 1995-1996 academic year at the Zentrum für Interdisziplinäre Forschung of Bielefeld University.^{[citation needed]}

Donald D. Hoffman

Work[]

Introduction and overview[]

Hoffman notes that the commonly held view that brain activity causes conscious experience has, so far, proved to be intractable in terms of scientific explanation. Hoffman proposes a solution to the hard problem of consciousness by adopting the converse view that consciousness causes brain activity and, in fact, creates all objects and properties of the physical world. To this end, Hoffman has developed and combined two theories: the "multimodal user interface" (MUI) theory of perception and "conscious realism".

Multimodal user interface (MUI) theory[]

MUI theory^[4] states that "perceptual experiences do not match or approximate properties of the objective world, but instead provide a simplified, species-specific, user interface to that world." Hoffman argues that conscious beings have not evolved to perceive the world as it actually is but have evolved to perceive the world in a way that maximizes "fitness payoffs". Hoffman uses the metaphor of a computer desktop and icons - the icons of a computer desktop provide a functional interface so that the user does not have to deal with the underlying programming and electronics in order to use the computer efficiently. Similarly, objects that we perceive in time and space are metaphorical icons which act as our interface to the world and enable us to function as efficiently as possible without having to deal with the overwhelming amount of data underlying reality.^[5] This theory imples , i.e., physical objects, such as quarks and brains and stars are constructed by conscious agents but such physical objects have no casual power.^[6] While Panpsychism claims that Rocks, mountains, the moon etc. are conscious, "Consious Realism" in this theory (Multimodal user interface theory) does not. Instead, what it claims is all such objects are icons within the user interface of a conscious agent, but that does not entail the claim that the objects themselves are conscious.^[7]

The interface theory of perception[]

The interface theory of perception is the idea that our perceptual experiences don't necessarily map onto what exists in reality of itself. This is in contrast to the popular view of critical realism which argues that some of our perceptual experiences map onto the reality of natural world. In the critical realist's view primary qualities like height and weight represent actual qualities of reality whereas secondary qualities don't. Within the interface theory of perception, neither primary nor secondary qualities necessarily map onto reality.^[8]

Conscious Realism[]

Conscious Realism is described as a non-physicalist monism which holds that consciousness is the primary reality and the physical world emerges from that. The objective world consists of conscious agents and their experiences. "What exists in the objective world, independent of my perceptions, is a world of conscious agents, not a world of unconscious particles and fields. Those particles and fields are icons in the MUIs of conscious agents, but are not themselves fundamental denizens of the objective world. Consciousness is fundamental."^[9][10]

Perception of physical world is a byproduct of consciousness[]

Together, MUI theory and Conscious Realism form the foundation for an overall theory that the physical world is not objective but is an epiphenomenon (secondary phenomenon) caused by consciousness. Hoffman has said that some form of reality may exist, but may be completely different from the reality our brains model and perceive.^[11] Reality may not be made of space time and physical objects.^[12] Through supposing that consciousness is fundamental, Hoffman provides a possible solution to the hard problem of consciousness, which wrestles with the notion of why we seem to have conscious immediate experiences, and how sentient beings could arise from seemingly non-sentient matter. Hoffman argues that consciousness is more fundamental than the objects and patterns perceived by consciousness.^[13] We have conscious experiences because consciousness is posited as a fundamental aspect of realty. The problem of how sentient beings arise from seemingly non-sentient matter is also addressed because it alters the notion of non-sentient matter. Perceptions of non-sentient matter are mere byproducts of consciousness, and don't necessarily reflect reality. This means the causal notion of non-sentient matter developing into sentient beings is up to question.

Implications from Evolution[]

Hoffman argues that natural selection is necessarily directed toward fitness payoffs and that organisms develop internal models of reality that increase these fitness payoffs. This means that organisms develop a perception of the world that is directed towards fitness, and not of reality. This lead him to argue that evolution has developed sensory systems in organisms that have high fitness, but don't offer a correct perception of reality.^[14][15] One criticism of the models used in Hoffman's simulations of evolution is that they implicitly assume that all brains base their preferences on bell curves which would force realistic brains to prefer habitats of intermediate quality and not the best ones, and does not at all address the possibility of brains whose preferences are not based on bell curves for which truthful perception would not imply a preference for intermediate habitats over the best.^{[16][citation unverified - cannot find the claim in the source]}

See also[]

• Yogachara
• Idealism
• Panpsychism

References[]

Bibliography[]

• Bennett, Bruce M. (1989). Observer mechanics : a formal theory of perception. Hoffman, Donald D., Prakash, Chetan. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 0120886359. OCLC 19590702.
• Hoffman, Donald D. (1998). Visual intelligence : how we create what we see (1st ed.). New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 0393046699. OCLC 38542585.
• Automotive lighting and human vision. Wördenweber, Burkard. Berlin: Springer. 2007. ISBN 9783540366973. OCLC 185022114.CS1 maint: others (link)
• Hoffman, D.D., Singh, M. & Prakash, C. The Interface Theory of Perception. Psychon Bull Rev 22, 1480–1506 (2015). https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-015-0890-8
• Hoffman, Donald (2008). "Conscious Realism and the Mind-Body Problem". Mind and Matter. 6 (1): 87–121. [2]
• Hoffman, Donald D.; Singh, Manish; Prakash, Chetan (2015-12-01). "Probing the interface theory of perception: Reply to commentaries". Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. 22 (6): 1551–1576. doi:10.3758/s13423-015-0931-3. ISSN 1531-5320
• Hoffman, Donald D. (2019). The case against reality: how evolution hid the truth from our eyes. [S.l.]: Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0241262627. OCLC 1085154114.

External links[]

• Is Consciousness Ultimate Reality?, Closer To Truth, PBS. 2013.
• TED Talk 2015, Do we see reality as it is?.
• Can we handle the truth?, Through the Wormhole With Morgan Freeman. 2015.
• We Survive Because Reality May Be Nothing Like We Think It Is. Big Think. 2016.
• TED Interview 2019, A radical new theory on how we experience reality.