Doxing

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For Wikipedia's policy on the doxing of contributors, see WP:DOX.

Doxing or doxxing is the act of publicly revealing previously private personal information about an individual or organization, usually via the internet.[1][2] Methods employed to acquire such information include searching publicly available databases and social media websites (like Facebook), hacking, social engineering and, through websites such as Grabify, a site specialized in revealing IP addresses through a fake link. Doxing may be carried out for reasons such as online shaming, extortion, and vigilante aid to law enforcement.[3][4] It also may be associated with hacktivism.

Etymology[]

"Doxing" is a neologism. It originates from a spelling alteration of the abbreviation "docs" (for "documents") and refers to "compiling and releasing a dossier of personal information on someone".[5] Essentially, doxing is revealing and publicizing the records of an individual, which were previously private or difficult to obtain.

The term dox derives from the slang "dropping dox," which, according to a contributor to Wired, Mat Honan, was "an old-school revenge tactic that emerged from hacker culture in 1990s". Hackers operating outside the law in that era used the breach of an opponent's anonymity as a means to expose opponents to harassment or legal repercussions.[5]

Consequently, doxing often comes with a negative connotation because it can be a means of revenge via the violation of privacy.[6]

History[]

Initial efforts around doxing were largely related to internet discussion forums on Usenet. One of the first documented doxing events was the publication of a "Blacklist of Net.Nazis and Sandlot Bullies"[7] which listed names, email addresses, phone numbers, and mailing addresses of individuals the author objected to.

Doxware is a cryptovirology attack invented by Adam Young and further developed with Moti Yung that carries out doxing extortion via malware. It was first presented at West Point in 2003. The attack is rooted in game theory and was originally dubbed "non-zero-sum games and survivable malware".[8]

The attack is summarized in the book Malicious Cryptography as follows:

The attack differs from the extortion attack in the following way. In the extortion attack, the victim is denied access to its own valuable information and has to pay to get it back, where in the attack that is presented here the victim retains access to the information but its disclosure is at the discretion of the computer virus.[9]

Doxware is the converse of ransomware. In a ransomware attack (originally called cryptoviral extortion), the malware encrypts the victim's data and demands payment to provide the needed decryption key. In the doxware cryptovirology attack, the attacker or malware steals the victim's data and threatens to publish it unless a fee is paid.[10]

Common techniques[]

Once people have been exposed through doxing, they may be targeted for harassment through methods such as harassment in-person, fake signups for mail and pizza deliveries, or through swatting (dispatching armed police to their house through spoofed tips).[11]

A hacker may obtain an individual's dox without making the information public. A hacker may look for this information to extort or coerce a known or unknown target. A hacker may also harvest a victim's information to break into their Internet accounts or take over their social media accounts.[5]

Victims may also be shown their details as proof that they have been doxed as a form of intimidation. The perpetrator may use this fear to gain power over victims in order to extort or coerce. Doxing is therefore a standard tactic of online harassment and has been used by people associated with 4chan and in the Gamergate and vaccine controversies.[12]

Examples[]

Doxing of abortion providers[]

Further information: Anti-abortion violence

In the United States, in the 1990s, anti-abortion activists secured abortion providers' personal information, such as home addresses, phone numbers, and photographs, and posted them as a hit list. The courts later ruled this to be an immediate incitement to violence. The site's legend explained: "Black font (working); Greyed-out Name (wounded); Strikethrough (fatality)." The website included blood-dripping graphics, celebrated providers' deaths and incited others to kill or injure the remaining providers on the list. Between 1993 and 2016, eight abortion providers were killed by anti-abortion activists, along with at least four police officers.[13][14][15]

Human flesh search engine[]

Main article: Human flesh search engine

Starting in March 2006, the Chinese Internet phenomenon of the "Human flesh search engine"（人肉搜索）shares much in common with doxing. Specifically, it refers to distributed, sometimes deliberately crowdsourced searches for similar kinds of information through use of digital media.[16][17][18]

Anonymous[]

Main article: Anonymous (group)

The term "dox" entered mainstream public awareness through media attention attracted by Anonymous, the Internet-based group of hacktivists and pranksters who make frequent use of doxing,[19] as well as related groups like AntiSec and LulzSec. The Washington Post has described the consequences for innocent people incorrectly accused of wrongdoing and doxed as "nightmarish".[20]

In December 2011, Anonymous exposed detailed information of 7,000 law enforcement members in response to investigations into hacking activities.[2]

In November 2014, Anonymous began releasing the identities of members of the Ku Klux Klan.[21] This was concerning local Klan members in Ferguson, Missouri, making threats to shoot those protesting the shooting of Michael Brown.[22] Anonymous also hijacked the group's Twitter page, causing Klan members to make veiled threats of violence against members of Anonymous.[23] In November 2015, a major release of information about the KKK was planned. Discredited information was released prematurely, and Anonymous denied involvement.[24] On 5 November 2015 (Guy Fawkes Night), Anonymous released an official list of supposed, but currently unverified, KKK members and sympathizers.[25]

Boston Marathon[]

Following the 15 April 2013 Boston Marathon bombing, vigilantes on Reddit wrongly identified a number of people as suspects.[26] Notable among misidentified bombing suspects was Sunil Tripathi, a student reported missing before the bombings took place. A body reported to be Tripathi's was found in Rhode Island's Providence River on 25 April 2013, as reported by the Rhode Island Health Department. The cause of death was not immediately known, but authorities said they did not suspect foul play.[27] The family later confirmed Tripathi's death was a result of suicide.[28] Reddit general manager Erik Martin later issued an apology for this behavior, criticizing the "online witch hunts and dangerous speculation" that took place on the website.[29]

Journalists[]

Journalists with The Journal News of Westchester County, New York were accused of doxing gun owners in the region in a story the paper published in December 2012.[30]

Newsweek was criticized when writer Leah McGrath Goodman claimed to have revealed the identity of the anonymous creator of Bitcoin, Satoshi Nakamoto. Although she primarily drew on the public record, users on Reddit responded negatively.[6]

The Satoshi Nakamoto case brought doxing to greater attention on platforms such as Twitter, where users questioned the ethics of doxing in journalism. Many Twitter users argued that the practice was seemingly acceptable for professional journalists but wrong for anyone else. Other users discussed the effect the popularization that the concept of doxing could have on journalism in the public interest, raising questions over journalism concerning public and private figures in which journalists practicing doxing may blur the line between reporting information in the public's interest and releasing information about the private life of an individual without their consent.[31][32]

In September 2019, The Des Moines Register published racist tweets made by a 24-year-old Iowa man whose beer sign on ESPN College GameDay resulted in over $1 million in contributions to a children's hospital.[33] Readers retaliated by sharing social media comments previously made by the reporter, Aaron Calvin, which contained racial slurs and condemnation of law enforcement.[34] The newspaper later announced they no longer employed Calvin.[35]

Curt Schilling[]

In March 2015, former Major League Baseball (MLB) pitcher Curt Schilling used doxing to identify several people responsible for "Twitter troll" posts with obscene, sexually explicit comments about his teenage daughter. One person was suspended from his community college, and another lost a part-time job with the New York Yankees.[36]

Alondra Cano[]

In December 2015, Minneapolis city council member Alondra Cano used her Twitter account to publish private cellphone numbers and e-mail addresses of critics who wrote about her involvement in a Black Lives Matter rally.[37]

HIPAA Federal Register 6039G[]

The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) is a US federal law that requires the creation of national standards to protect sensitive patient health information from being disclosed without the patient’s consent or knowledge. Embedded in that act, that is designed to protect the privacy of the patient, is ironically a provision that requires the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) to publish the names of Americans who renounce or relinquish their US citizenship. The IRS will publish a Quarterly Publication of Individuals Who Have Chosen to Expatriate, as Required by Section 6039G, 81 Fed. Reg. 50058. The expatriation provisions were included as “revenue offsets... to avoid increasing the budget deficit.” The expressed intent originated in The Expatriation Tax Act of 1995 by Bill Archer to publicly shame the expatriating individuals.

Lou Dobbs[]

In 2016, Fox Business news anchor Lou Dobbs revealed the address and phone number of Jessica Leeds, one of the women who accused American presidential candidate Donald Trump of inappropriate sexual advances; Dobbs later apologized.[38]

Erdoğan emails[]

In July 2016, WikiLeaks released 300,000 e-mails called the Erdoğan emails, initially thought to be damaging to Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. Included in the leak was Michael Best, who uploaded Turkish citizens' information databases that WikiLeaks promoted, who came forward to say that doing so was a mistake after the site where he uploaded the information took it down. The files were removed due to privacy concerns. They included spreadsheets of private, sensitive information of what appears to be every female voter in 79 out of 81 provinces in Turkey, including their home addresses and other private information, sometimes including their cellphone numbers.[39]

Michael Hirsh[]

In November 2016, Politico editor Michael Hirsh resigned after publishing the home address of white nationalist Richard B. Spencer on Facebook.[40][41]

U.S. Presidential Advisory Commission on Election Integrity[]

In July 2017, the United States' Presidential Advisory Commission on Election Integrity, which was established in May 2017 by U.S. President Donald Trump[42][43] to investigate his controversial allegation of voter fraud,[44] published a 112-page document of unredacted emails of public comment on its work, which included both critics and some supporters of the Commission. The Commission included the personal details of those critics, such as names, emails, phone numbers and home addresses. Most of the commenters who wrote to the White House expressed concern about publication of their personal information, with one person writing, "DO NOT RELEASE ANY OF MY VOTER DATA PERIOD." Despite this, that person's name and email address were published by the commission.[45][46]

This act drew criticism from Theresa Lee, a staff attorney for the American Civil Liberties Union's Voting Rights Project, who stated, "This cavalier attitude toward the public's personal information is especially concerning given the commission's request for sensitive data on every registered voter in the country."[45][46] The White House defended the personal information publication, noting that everyone was warned that might happen. However, former Deputy Secretary of Labor Chris Lu stated that regardless of the legality, the White House has a moral obligation to protect sensitive data, saying, "Whether or not it's legal to disclose this personal information, it's clearly improper, and no responsible White House would do this."[46]

Federal agencies often solicit and release public comments on proposed legislation. Regulations.gov, which is designated for public comments, includes a detailed set of guidelines explaining how to submit comments, what type of personal information is collected, and how that information may be used, stating, "Some agencies may require that you include personal information, such as your name and email address, on the comment form. The Securities and Exchange Commission, for instance, warns commenters to 'submit only information that you wish to make available publicly.'" Another agency, the Federal Trade Commission, tells commenters that "published comments include the commenter's last name and state/country as well as the entire text of the comment. Please do not include any sensitive or confidential information." However, The White House does not appear to have issued any such public guidelines or warnings before many of the emails were sent. Marc Lotter, Press Secretary to Mike Pence, stated, "These are public comments, similar to individuals appearing before commission to make comments and providing name before making comments. The Commission’s Federal Register notice asking for public comments and its website make clear that information 'including names and contact information' sent to this email address may be released."[47]

Democratic U.S. House of Representatives intern[]

On 3 October 2018, Jackson Cosko, a House fellow for the Democratic Party, was arrested by the U.S. Capitol Police (USCP). He allegedly posted private, identifying information of several Senators to Wikipedia. According to the USCP, the personal information of Republican Senators Lindsey Graham, Mike Lee and Orrin Hatch was anonymously posted to Wikipedia the week before on Thursday 27 September 2018. The information included home addresses and phone numbers. All three lawmakers are with the Senate Judiciary Committee. The alleged doxing occurred during the hearing of Supreme Court nominee Judge Brett Kavanaugh. Cosko was initially charged with witness tampering, threats in interstate communications, unauthorized access of a government computer, identity theft, second degree burglary and unlawful entry. Cosko was fired after his arrest. He worked with Democratic Rep. Sheila Jackson Lee (D-TX), Sen. Dianne Feinstein (D-Calif), Sen. Maggie Hassan (D-N.H.), and former Sen. Barbara Boxer (D-Calif).[48][49][50] Conviction of all six charges might have resulted in Cosko facing up to 20 years in prison.[51] However, in June 2019, he was sentenced by Judge Thomas F. Hogan to four years in prison.[52][53] An accomplice, Samantha DeForest Davis, was sentenced to two years of supervised probation and community service.[54]

Legal remedies[]

There are currently few legal remedies for the victims of doxing.[55] In the United States, there are currently two federal laws that could potentially address the problem of doxing: the Interstate Communications Statute and the Interstate Stalking Statute.[56] However, as one scholar has argued, "[t]hese statutes...are woefully inadequate to prevent doxing because their terms are underinclusive and they are rarely enforced".[56] The Interstate Communications Statute, for example, "only criminalizes explicit threats to kidnap or injure a person".[57] But in many instances of doxing, a doxer may never convey an explicit threat to kidnap or injure, but the victim could still have good reason to be terrified.[57] And the Interstate Stalking Statute "is rarely enforced and it serves only as a hollow protection from online harassment".[58] To illustrate, over three million people are stalked over the internet each year, yet only three people are charged under the Interstate Stalking Statute.[58] Accordingly, "[t]his lack of federal enforcement means that the States must step in if doxing is to be reduced".[58]

Criminal law[]

Mainland China[]

From March 1, 2020, the People’s Republic of China’s "Regulations on the Ecological Governance of Online Information Content" has been implemented, clarifying that users and producers of online information content services and platforms must not engage in online violence, doxing, deep forgery, data fraud, account manipulation and other Illegal activities.[59]

Hong Kong[]

As of 2021, it is a criminal offense in Hong Kong to dox, where doxing is defined as releasing private or non-public information on a person for the purposes of "threatening, intimidation, harassment or to cause psychological harm". Persons convicted under this statute are liable to imprisonment for up to 5 years, and a fine of HK$1,000,000 (US$128,324.40).[60]

South Korea[]

South Korea stands as one of few countries with a criminal statute that specifically addresses doxing. Article 49 of "Act on promotion of information and communications network utilization, and information protection" prohibits unlawful collection and dissemination of private information such as full name, birth date, address, likeliness, and any other information that is deemed sufficient to identify specific person(s) when viewed in summation, regardless of intent.[61] In practice, however, due to the ambiguous nature of “unlawful collection” of private information in said statute, legal actions are often based upon article 44 from the same act, which prohibits insulting an individual with language derogatory or profane, and defamation of an individual through the dissemination of either misinformation or privileged factual information that may potentially damage an individual's reputation or honor (which often occurs in a doxing incident). It is important to note that this particular clause enforces harsher maximum sentences than a “traditional” defamation statute existing in the Korean criminal code and was originally enacted partially in response to the rise in celebrity suicides due to cyberbullying.

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ S-W, C. (10 March 2014). "What doxxing is, and why it matters". The Economist. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
  2. ^ a b Goodrich, Ryan (2 April 2013). "What is Doxing?". Tech News Daily. Archived from the original on 29 October 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
  3. ^ Bright, Peter (7 March 2012). "Doxed: how Sabu was outed by former Anons long before his arrest". Ars Technica. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
  4. ^ Clark Estes, Adam (28 July 2011). "Did LulzSec Trick Police Into Arresting the Wrong Guy? – Technology". The Atlantic Wire. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
  5. ^ a b c Honan, Mat (6 March 2014). "What Is Doxing?". Wired. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
  6. ^ a b Garber, Megan (6 March 2014). "Doxing: An Etymology". The Atlantic. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
  7. ^ Fomin, Vladimir (15 January 1996). "Blacklist of Net.Nazis and Sandlot Bullies". alt.culture.usenet – via Google Groups.
  8. ^ Young, A. (2003). Non-Zero Sum Games and Survivable Malware. IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Society Information Assurance Workshop. pp. 24–29.
  9. ^ Young, Adam; Yung, Moti (2004). Malicious Cryptography: Exposing Cryptovirology. Indianapolis: Wiley. ISBN 0-7645-4975-8.
  10. ^ Shivale, Saurabh Anandrao (2011). "Cryptovirology: Virus Approach". International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications. 3 (4): 33–46. arXiv:1108.2482. doi:10.5121/ijnsa.2011.3404. S2CID 424047.
  11. ^ "What to Know About Swatting". Time. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  12. ^ Mix (16 October 2017). "Someone is blackmailing dark web users to pay up or get doxxed". The Next Web. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
  13. ^ Murtha, Tara (18 May 2015). "How Abortion Providers Are 'Living in the Crosshairs'". Rolling Stone.
  14. ^ Cohen, David S.; Connon, Krysten (21 May 2015). "Strikethrough (Fatality); The origins of online stalking of abortion providers". Slate.
  15. ^ "Violence Statistics & History". National Abortion Federation.
  16. ^ Fletcher, Hannah (25 June 2008). "Human flesh search engines: Chinese vigilantes that hunt victims on the web". The Times.
  17. ^ Branigan, Tania (24 March 2010). "How China's internet generation broke the silence". The Guardian.
  18. ^ Brancart, Brydon. "After More Than a Decade, the Human Flesh Search Engine Is Still Raging Across Chinese Social Media". Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  19. ^ Sheets, Connor Adams (1 January 2012). "Anonymous's Operation Hiroshima: Inside the Doxing Coup the Media Ignored". International Business Times. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
  20. ^ Ohlheiser, Abby (5 November 2015). "What you need to know about Anonymous's big anti-KKK operation". The Washington Post. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
  21. ^ "Hacker-activist group Anonymous seizes KKK Twitter accounts; reveals identities". Fox 2 Now. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  22. ^ "KKK Missouri Chapter Threatens Ferguson Protesters with 'Lethal Force'". www.vice.com. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
  23. ^ F., Curtis (19 November 2014). "Ferguson KKK Doubles Down By Threatening To Shoot People Wearing Anonymous Guy Fawkes Masks". If Only You News. Archived from the original on 21 November 2014. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  24. ^ Woolf, Nicky; Stafford, Zach (3 November 2015). "Anonymous denies releasing incorrect Ku Klux Klan member information". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
  25. ^ "Anonymous posts Ku Klux Klan alleged sympathisers list". BBC News. 6 November 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
  26. ^ Valdes, Manuel (22 April 2013). "Innocents accused in online manhunt". 3 News. Archived from the original on 15 December 2013. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  27. ^ Buncombe, Andrew (26 April 2013). "Family of Sunil Tripathi - missing student wrongly linked to Boston marathon bombing - thank well-wishers for messages of support". The Independent. Archived from the original on 17 January 2015. Retrieved 17 January 2015. The cause of the student's death has still be determined but the medical examiner said no foul play was suspected.
  28. ^ Nark, Jason (30 April 2014). "The Boston bombing's forgotten victim". Philadelphia Daily News. Archived from the original on 31 October 2014. Retrieved 31 October 2014. Akhil spent the most time with Sunny before his suicide, weekends at Brown where he tried to help his youngest child foresee a future.
  29. ^ Martin, Erik (22 April 2013). "Reflections on the Recent Boston Crisis". Reddit Blog. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
  30. ^ Alfonso, Fernando (26 December 2012). "Lawyer doxes 50 journalists who doxed gun owners". The Daily Dot.
  31. ^ "Newsweek, Bitcoin and the ethics of 'doxxing'". The Stream. Al Jazeera America. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  32. ^ Ingram, Mathew (6 March 2014). "Of Bitcoin and doxxing: Is revealing Satoshi Nakamoto's identity okay because it was Newsweek and not Reddit?". GigaOm. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  33. ^ Calvin, Aaron. "Meet Carson King, the 'Iowa Legend' who's raised more than $1 million for charity off of a sign asking for beer money". Des Moines Register. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
  34. ^ Wulfsohn, Joseph A. (25 September 2019). "Des Moines Register hit after report digs up old, offensive tweets of local man who raised $1M for charity". Fox News.
  35. ^ "Des Moines Register Responds to Outcry Over Carson King Article; Reporter No Longer with Paper". WHO-DT. 27 September 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
  36. ^ Machkovech, Sam (3 March 2015). "Former MLB pitcher, 38 Studios founder doxes his daughter's online abusers". ArsTechnica.
  37. ^ Coolican, J. Patrick (24 December 2015). "Minneapolis City Council Member Alondra Cano under fire for posting phone numbers, e-mail addresses of constituents". Star Tribune. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
  38. ^ Solis, Steph (13 October 2016). "Lou Dobbs apologizes for sharing Trump accuser's address, number". USA Today. Retrieved 14 October 2016. Dobbs apologized for sharing the personal information on Thursday of a woman who alleged Donald Trump sexually assaulted her.
  39. ^ Zeynep Tufekci (25 July 2016). "WikiLeaks Put Women in Turkey in Danger, for No Reason (UPDATE)". The Huffington Post.
  40. ^ "Politico editor resigns after sharing addresses of white nationalist on Facebook". CNBC. 22 November 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
  41. ^ Chasmar, Jessica (22 November 2016). "Politico editor resigns after sharing home addresses of alt-right leader Richard Spencer". The Washington Times. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
  42. ^ Trump, Donald (11 May 2017). "Presidential Executive Order on the Establishment of Presidential Advisory Commission on Election Integrity" (Press release). White House. Archived from the original on 11 May 2017.
  43. ^ Koerth-Baker, Maggie (7 July 2017). "Trump's Voter Fraud Commission Is Facing A Tough Data Challenge". FiveThirtyEight.
  44. ^ Lowry, Brian (11 May 2017). "Civil rights groups fume about Trump's choice of Kris Kobach for voter fraud panel". The Kansas City Star.
  45. ^ a b Neuman, Scott (14 July 2017). "Vote Fraud Commission Releases Public Comments, Email Addresses And All". The Two-Way. National Public Radio.
  46. ^ a b c Politi, Daniel (15 July 2017). "White House Publishes Names, Emails, Phone Numbers, Home Addresses of Critics". Slate.
  47. ^ Ingraham, Christopher (14 July 2017). "White House releases sensitive personal information of voters worried about their sensitive personal information". The Washington Post.
  48. ^ Shaw, Adam (4 October 2018). "Cops probe doxxing of GOP senators, as left-wing escalates confrontational tactics". Fox News. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
  49. ^ Folley, Aris (4 October 2018). "Ex-House intern charged with 'doxing' GOP senators during Kavanaugh hearing". The Hill. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
  50. ^ "Former Senate staffer arrested for allegedly doxing senator". CBS News. 4 October 2018. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
  51. ^ Hsu, Spencer S. (4 October 2018). "Democratic ex-staffer contests charges he posted personal data on GOP senators, threatened witness in doxing". The Washington Post. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  52. ^ "Jackson A. Cosko, Register Number: 96677-007". Inmate Locator. United States Bureau of Prisons.
  53. ^ Gerstein, Josh (19 June 2019). "Ex-Hassan aide sentenced to 4 years for doxing senators". Politico. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  54. ^ "Wisconsin Woman Sentenced for Role in Office Burglary of a U.S. Senator" (Press release). Department of Justice, U.S. Attorney’s Office, District of Columbia. 28 October 2019. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  55. ^ Lindvall 2019, pp. 3, 12
  56. ^ a b Lindvall 2019, p. 8.
  57. ^ a b Lindvall 2019, p. 9.
  58. ^ a b c Lindvall 2019, p. 10.
  59. ^ "《网络信息内容生态治理规定》明确不得开展人肉搜索、流量造假等违法活动". 中国政府网. 新华社. 21 December 2019. Archived from the original on 23 November 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  60. ^ "Hong Kong introduces new legal amendments to outlaw doxxing". Retrieved 31 July 2021.
  61. ^ "대한민국 영문법령". elaw.klri.re.kr. Retrieved 1 August 2020.

Sources[]

External links[]

  • The dictionary definition of dox at Wiktionary
Retrieved from ""