Duelling pistol

French cased duelling pistols by Nicolas Noël Boutet. Single shot, flintlock, rifled, .58 caliber, blued steel, Versailles, 1794-1797

A duelling pistol is a type of pistol that was manufactured in matching pairs to be used in a duel, when duels were customary. Duelling pistols are often single-shot flintlock or percussion black-powder pistols which fire a lead ball. Not all fine pairs of pistols are actual duelling pistols, though they may be called so.

Design[]

A matched pair of engraved and gilded French percussion lock duelling pistols in the Philadelphia Museum of Art

Standard flintlock pistols can have a noticeable delay between pulling the trigger and actually firing the bullet unless precisely tuned. Purpose-built duelling pistols have various improvements to make them more reliable and accurate.

Duelling pistols have long and heavy barrels - the added weight helped steady aim and reduce recoil. The barrels on earlier guns were cylindrical, while later ones tended to be octagonal. The barrels were given a blued or browned finish to reduce glare.^[1] Spurs on the trigger guards began appearing after around 1805 to provide a rest for the middle finger to improve the shooter's grip.^[1] Other features were saw handles, platinum-lined touch-holes and hair triggers.

All component parts were manufactured, hand-finished and then adjusted with great care and precision, which made duelling pistols much more costly than standard firearms of the period. Special care was taken when moulding the lead bullets to ensure that there were no voids which would affect accuracy. Pistols were carefully and identically loaded, and each duellist was offered his choice of the indistinguishable loaded pistols. As duels were generally fought at short distances which were paced out, typically 35 to 45 feet (11 to 14 m),^[2] between stationary opponents, extreme accuracy was not required.^[1]

Duelling pistols had long barrels - typically around 10 in (250 mm) and fired large, heavy bullets. Pistols with calibers of 0.45 in (11 mm), 0.52 in (13 mm), 0.58 in (15 mm) or even 0.65 in (17 mm) were common.^[3] The bullets loaded in them could weigh 214 grains (0.49 ounces; 13.9 grams) in .52 caliber or more in larger calibers. Bullets were fired with a muzzle velocity of approximately 253 m/s (830 ft/s), which made a .52 caliber bullet about as lethal as a current .45 ACP round - and therefore capable of inflicting very severe wounds, though speeds of over 385 m/s (1,260 ft/s)^[4] (With a kinetic energy of well over 1000 J) and averages between 305–610 m/s (1,001–2,001 ft/s)^[5] (With a kinetic energy yield of anywhere between 668-2586 J) were also easily achievable and more common with normal, lower-quality flintlock pistols. These injuries, coupled with the primitive state of emergency medicine at the time when duels were commonplace, meant that pistol duels frequently resulted in fatalities, often some hours or days afterwards. This was the fate of Alexander Pushkin, a highly experienced pistol duellist who had fought 29 duels before being wounded in the stomach by Georges-Charles de Heeckeren d'Anthès on 8 February 1837. Pushkin managed to return fire, slightly wounding d'Anthès, but died two days later.^[6]

Most English pistols had smooth bores, though some had scratch rifling, a subtle form of rifling which was difficult to see with the naked eye. Pistols with rifled barrels spin-stabilize the shot when it is fired, resulting in much improved accuracy. As a result, duelling pistols with rifled barrels were considered unsporting by many, although there was no unfairness so long as the pistols were identical.^[3] For some in the eighteenth century, duelling with less-accurate, smooth-bore weapons was preferred as they viewed it as allowing the judgement of God to take a role in deciding the outcome of the encounter.^[1]

In continental Europe, the use of smooth-bored pistols was considered cowardly, and rifled pistols were the norm.^[7] The short range most duels took place at, combined with the accuracy of rifled pistols meant their use substantially increased the chances of a fatality during a duel.^[7] A pair of rifled pistols often included a small hammer as an accessory; they used slightly oversized bullets and a hammer was needed to drive the bullet down the barrel when loading.^[8] Pairs of duelling pistols can be easily confused with holster pistols and travelling pistols. These types are similar to duelling pistols in that they were large, muzzle-loading weapons, that were often expensively made and came in matched, cased pairs with a set of accessories. Travelling pistols, also known as overcoat pistols, were intended for use by travellers to protect themselves from highwaymen and footpads; unlike duelling pistols, they were commonly rifled. Holster pistols were carried in pairs in a leather holster slung across a horse's saddle. Although best suited for military use, they were often owned by civilians. Although their purpose was combat or self-defense, holster pistols were used on occasion to fight duels.^[8]

Use[]

While it is often stated that duelling pistols came in identical pairs to put each duellist on an equal footing, this did not always happen. It was acceptable for duels to be fought with different pistols and duellists could bring their own pairs, so they could use weapons they were familiar with. Two pairs of pistols allowed for a second exchange of shots if the first shots missed and the challenger of the duel was intent on continuing. When a duel was fought with a single pair of pistols it was because neither duellist owned their own and the pistols were supplied by a third party.^[9]

An account of an 1825 duel fought in Paris by two Irishmen states that one brought his pair of English Wogdon & Barton pistols, the other had a more-accurate pair of French pistols with rifled barrels and hair-triggers. Despite this disparity, both were intent on using their own weapons. However the seconds of the duel interceded and a coin toss decided that each would use one of the pair of French pistols, even though one man was placed at the disadvantage of using a gun he'd not fired before.^[10]

There were various forms of pistol duel. In Britain, the favoured type was for the duellists to stand still at an agreed distance and shoot when given the signal.^[11] The rules of the "French method" of duelling required the duellists to begin back-to-back, walk a set number of paces before turning and firing.^[11] A further type of duel had the duellists walk towards each other. They could fire at will, but the one that fired first was required to stand still and wait for his opponent's return shot.^[12]

Sport duelling pistols[]

Pistol dueling as an associate event at the 1908 London Olympic Games

During the late 19th and the early 20th centuries, duelling became a sport in which shooters fired at each other using non-lethal rounds. These consisted of wax bullets in a cartridge without any powder charge; the bullet was propelled only by the explosion of the cartridge's primer.^[13] Participants wore heavy, protective clothing and a metal helmet, similar to a fencing mask but with an eye-screen of thick glass. Pistol dueling was an associate (non-medal) event at the 1906 and 1908 Olympic games (see Olympic dueling).

The Fauré Le Page company of France made special pistols for sport duelling. These were break action, single-shot weapons that were fitted with a shield in front of the trigger, to protect the hand holding the pistol.^[14]

Manufacturers[]

The use of pistols in duels became popular in United Kingdom, France and Colonial America during the mid-eighteenth century. Initially standard holster or travelling pistols were mainly used, but by the end of the century special-purpose duelling pistols were being made by craftsmen in England, France, Germany, Austria and America.^[3]

The most famous and innovative manufacturers were London-based companies such as Wogdon & Barton, Durs Egg, Manton, Mortimer, Nock, and Purdey.^[3] The name Wogden in particular became associated with duelling pistols, to the extent that a duel was sometimes referred to by lawyers as a "Wogden Case".^[15]

Pairs of duelling pistols were often supplied in compartmentalised wooden cases along with a powder flask, rods for cleaning and loading, spare flints, spanners and other tools, and a bullet mould.^[8]

Gallery[]

• 

  Late model English duelling pistols fired by percussion cap, bearing the Royal Warrant on the case

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  Earlier English flintlock duelling pistols made by Wogdon & Barton, used in the fatal Burr-Hamilton duel of 1804

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  Pair of Flintlock Duelling Pistols, ca. 1815–20

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  Cased Pair of Double-Barreled Turn-Off Flintlock Pistols, ca. 1800

See also[]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Duelling pistols.

• Code duello
• List of people killed in duels

References[]

Citrations

Bibliography

• Kinard, Jeff (2003). Pistols: An Illustrated History of Their Impact. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-470-7. OCLC 941438058.
• Hopton, Richard (1 January 2011). Pistols at Dawn: A History of Duelling. Little, Brown Book Group Limited. ISBN 978-0-7499-2996-1. OCLC 973698062.
• Reynolds, Thomas (1839). The life of Thomas Reynolds, Esq. Vol. 2. London: H. Hooper. pp. 466–468. OCLC 844705674.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)

• Risher, James F. (1975). Interview with honor : the Burr-Hamilton duel. Philadelphia: Dorrance. ISBN 0-8059-2155-9. OCLC 1931409.

External links[]

• 18th and 19th French weapons
• Sir Thomas Mitchell duelling pistols, National Museum of Australia