Duke of Ferrara and of Modena
Duke of Modena | |
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![]() Flag of the Duchy of Modena under the Este family | |
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Details | |
Style | Imperial and Royal Highness |
First monarch | Borso d'Este, Duke of Ferrara |
Last monarch | Francis V, Duke of Modena |
Formation | 1452 |
Abolition | 1859 |
Pretender(s) | Prince Lorenz of Belgium, Archduke of Austria-Este |
Emperor Frederick III conferred Borso d'Este, Lord of Ferrara, with the Duchy of Modena and Reggio in 1452,[1] while Pope Paul II formally elevated him in 1471 as Duke of Ferrara, over which the family had in fact long presided. This latter territory was lost to the Papal States in 1597, while the House of Este continued to rule the Duchy of Modena and Reggio in the Emilia region until 1796, when it became part of Napoleon Bonaparte's Cispadane Republic. In 1814, the duchy was restored under the Habsburg grandson of the last Este duke, continuing until it was annexed by Piedmont-Sardinia in 1859.
From the Lordship of Este to the Duchy of Ferrara-Modena-Reggio[]
House of Este[]
The line of Marquesses of Este (Marchesi d'Este) rose in 1039 with Albert Azzo II, Margrave of Milan. The name "Este" is related to the city where the family came from, Este.
The family was founded by Adalbert the Margrave, who might have been the true first Margrave of Milan of this family. In 1209, Azzo VI was named the first Marquess of Ferrara. The title passed to his descendants, and the marquisate was delegated to a cadet branch of the Este family. Later, they were also created Marquesses of Modena and Reggio.
Partitions of Este territories under Este rule[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Italy_1494_AD.png/300px-Italy_1494_AD.png)
Marquisate of Este (940-1463) (acquired Ferrara 1187, recovered 1209) (acquired Modena 1288; Reggio 1289) | ||||||
Ferrara to the Torelli family (1222–1240) | ||||||
Marq. Modena (1293–1361) Interrupted by Modenese Republic (1308–1336) |
Marquisate of Ferrara (1293–1308) | |||||
Reggio to Papal States (1306–1405) |
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Ferrara to Papal States (1308–1317) | ||||||
To Ferrara | Marq. Ferrara (1317–1405) | |||||
Marquisate of Modena,Ferrara and Reggio (1405–1471) | ||||||
Duchy of Modena,Ferrara and Reggio (1471–1597) | ||||||
Duchy of Modena and Reggio (1597–1796, 1814–1859) |
Ferrara lost to Papal States 1597 | |||||
Marq. San Martino in Rio (1490–1757) |
Marq. Montecchio (1st creation) (1562–1587) |
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Marq. Lanzo (1592–1652) |
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Marq. Scandiano (inherited from Bentivoglio family) (1643–1725) |
Marq. Montecchio (2nd creation) (1638–1713) |
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Marq. Dronero (1653–1734) |
Marq. Borgomanero and Porlezza (1652–1734) |
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Dronero inherited by Birago di Vische family |
Table of rulers[]
Ruler | Born | Reign | Death | Ruling part | Consort | Notes | |
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Adalbert the Margrave | Before 940 | c. 940–951 | 951 | Este (then included in the March of Milan) |
Unknown | Ruler of the Eastern March (or March of Milan), and founder of the , direct ancestor to the House of Este. | |
Oberto I | Before 951 Son of Adalbert |
951–975 | 15 October 975 | Este (then included in the March of Milan) |
Willa of Spoleto seven children |
Also Marquess of Milan. A son of his was the founder of the Malaspina family. | |
Oberto II | Before 975 Sons of Oberto I and Willa of Spoleto |
975–1014 | 1014 | Este (then included in the March of Milan) |
Railenda six children |
Also Marquesses of Milan. The sons of Alberto I founded the Pallavicini family. | |
975–1002 | 1002 | Este (then included in the March of Milan) |
Unknown three children | ||||
Before 1014 Son of Oberto II and Railenda |
1014 | (26 January)[2]1035 Piacenza |
Este (then included in the March of Milan) |
Unmarried | Also Marquess of Milan. Deposed in the same year of accession. | ||
Alberto Azzo I (Alberto II Azzo I) |
Before 1014 Son of Oberto II and Railenda |
1014–1029 | 1029[3] | Este (then included in the March of Milan) |
Adela one child |
Also Marquess of Milan. | |
Alberto Azzo II (Alberto III Azzo II) |
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996[2] or 10 July 1009 Modena Son of Alberto Azzo I and Adela |
1029–1097 | 20 August 1097 Vangadizza aged 87–88 or 100–101 |
Este (then included in the March of Milan) |
Kunigunde of Altdorf 1036 one child c. 1050 two children one child |
Also Marquess of Milan, and the founder of the House of Este. His son from his first wife, Welf IV, is the ancestor of the House of Welf. |
Folco I | ![]() |
c. 1050? Son of Alberto Azzo II and |
1097–1128 | 15 or 22 December 1128[2] Vangadizza aged 87–88 or 100–101 |
Este (then included in the March of Milan) |
Unknown six children |
Also Marquess of Milan. Referenced as titular, because, after Alberto Azzo II's death, the lands of the family were partitioned between the various branches of the family (including Malaspinas and Pallavicinis).[4] |
[2] | After 1071 Sons of Ugo d'Este, Count of Maine and |
1128 – c. 1142 | After 1142[2] | Este (then included in the March of Milan) |
Aichiva one child |
Nephews of Folco, referenced in documents as marchese,[2] proving, along with Azzo's numbering, that they may have co-ruled with their cousins. | |
[2] | 1128 – c. 1145 | After 1145[2] | Unknown | ||||
[2] | c.1100? Sons of Folco I |
1128 – c. 1154 | c.1154[2] aged 53–54? |
Este (then included in the March of Milan) |
Unknown | Sons of Folco I, ruled jointly and with their cousins Azzo III and Tancredo. Obizzo I was the first lord of Ferrara and the last Marquess of Milan of the family. After his death Ferrara and Milan were lost. | |
[2] | 1128–1163 | 1163 (before 27 September)[2] aged 62–63? |
Unknown two children | ||||
[2] | 1128–1178 | 1178[2] aged 77–78? |
Unknown one child | ||||
[2] | 1128–1184 | 1184 (after 10 April)[2] aged 83–84? |
Matilda two children | ||||
1128–1187 | 25 December 1193 aged 92–93? |
Unknown one child five children | |||||
1187–1193 | Este and Ferrara | ||||||
c. 1125 Son of and |
c. 1140–1187 | c. 1190 (before 1193)[2] | Este | 1120 two children |
Co-rulers of Obizzo I, both predeceased him. Azzo V as his son, and Bonifazio II as his nephew. | ||
1187–1190 | Este and Ferrara | ||||||
[2] | Before 1178 Son of |
1178–1187 | 1190[2] | Este | Unknown | ||
1187–1190 | Este and Ferrara | ||||||
Azzo VI | ![]() |
c. 1170 Ferrara Son of and |
1193–1209 | November 1212 Verona aged 41–42 |
Este | 1189 two children before 1192 one child 22 February 1204 two children |
Son of Azzo V. In 1209 was made the first Marquess of Ferrara, recovering this land for the family. |
1209–1212 | Este and Ferrara | ||||||
Aldobrandino I | ![]() |
c. 1190 Ferrara Son of Azzo VI and |
1212–1215 | 10 October 1215 Ancona aged 24–25 |
Este and Ferrara | Unknown Before 1215 three children |
Half-brothers and co-rulers. In 1222 Azzo was deposed of Ferrara by Salinguerra Torelli, but recovered the city in 1240. Azzo VII raised two of the children of his half-brother, one of them being Saint Contardo of Este. |
Azzo VII Novello | ![]() |
c.1205 Ferrara Son of Azzo VI and |
1212–1222 1240–1264 |
16 February 1264 Apulia aged 58–59 |
Este and Ferrara | 1221 four children 1238 no/two children | |
1222–1240 | Este | ||||||
Occupation of Ferrara by (1212–1240) | |||||||
Obizzo II | ![]() |
1247 or 1252 Ferrara Bastard son of Rinaldo d'Este |
1293–1312 | 20 January or 13 February[5] 1293 Ferrara aged 41 or 46 |
Este and Ferrara (1264–1288) Este, Ferrara, Modena and Reggio (1288–1293) |
1263 three children 1289 two children |
Grandson of Azzo VII, as bastard son of Azzo's son, Rinaldo. Between 1288 and 1289 he achieved the joining of the communes of Modena and Reggio to the Este's lands. After his death the lands were partitioned between his sons. |
c. 1290 Ferrara Son of Obizzo II and |
1293–1312 | 23 August 1312 Ferrara aged 22–23 |
Este | four children |
Retained from inheritance the marquisate of Este. | ||
Aldobrandino II | ![]() |
After 1263 Ferrara Son of Obizzo II and |
1293–1306[6] | 26 July 1326 Bologna |
Modena | April 1305 no children |
Received Modena from his father. In 1308, like his nephew in Ferrara, was expelled by the commune. In 1317, after the family recovered Ferrara, he co-ruled also there with his sons and nephews. He never recovered, however, Modena. |
1317–1326 | Ferrara | ||||||
Modenese Republic (1306–1336) | |||||||
Azzo VIII | ![]() |
After 1263 Ferrara Son of Obizzo II and |
1293–1306[6] | 31 January 1308 Este |
Ferrara and Reggio | September 1282 three children April 1305 no children |
In 1306 lost Reggio to the Papal States. |
1306–1308 | Ferrara | ||||||
Reggio occupied by the Papal States (1306–1405) | |||||||
under guardianship of (1308) |
c.1300? Ferrara Son of and |
1308[6] | After 1312 Venice |
Ferrara | Unknown | Barred from succession, Fresco d'Este held regency for his own son Folco, the designated heir of Azzo VIII. Fresco tried to appeal to the Papal States to regain his place, but Ferrara ended up temporarily absorbed by the Papal army. Folco and his father died in Venice, possibly exiled. | |
Ferrara occupied by the Papal States (1308–1317) | |||||||
c.1290? Ferrara Sons of Aldobrandino II and |
1317[6]–1335 | 31 December 1335 Ferrara aged 44–45? |
Ferrara | one child |
Following a pro-Este revolt in Ferrara, the sons of Aldobrandino II (Rinaldo, Niccolò, Obizzo) and Francesco I (Bertoldo and Azzo) ascended together. Some of them accumulated the rule of Ferrara with other government of other parts of Este's lands: Bertoldo and Azzo also ruled in Este since 1312; Obizzo and Niccolò recovered Modena in 1336. | ||
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1317[6]–1336 | 1 May 1344 Ferrara aged 53–54? |
Ferrara | 21 April 1335 no children | |||
1336–1344 | Ferrara and Modena | ||||||
Obizzo III | ![]() |
14 July 1294 Ferrara Son of Aldobrandino II and |
1317[6]–1336 | 20 March 1352 Ferrara aged 57 |
Ferrara | May 1317 no children (lover until 1347) 27 November 1347 ten children (legitimized 1347) | |
1336–1352 | Ferrara and Modena | ||||||
Before 1312 Sons of and |
1312–1317 | 24 June 1318 Ferrara |
Este | no children | |||
1317[6]–1318 | Este and Ferrara | ||||||
1312–1317 | 21 July 1343 Este |
Este | 1324 two children July 1339 Ferrara no children | ||||
1317[6]–1343 | Este and Ferrara | ||||||
June 1323 Ferrara Son of and |
1343–1384 | 13 December 1384 Este aged 50–51 |
Este | no children three children |
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Aldobrandino III | ![]() |
14 September 1335 Ferrara Son of Obizzo III and |
1352 | 3 November 1361 Ferrara aged 26 |
Modena | 1351 two children |
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1352–1361 | Ferrara | ||||||
Niccolò II the Lame | ![]() |
17 May 1338 Ferrara Son of Obizzo III and |
1352–1361 | 26 March 1388 Ferrara aged 49 |
Modena | February 1363 two children |
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1361–1388 | Modena and Ferrara | ||||||
Azzo X | 1344 Este Son of and |
1384–1415 | 1415 Venice aged 43 |
Este | three children (uncertain maternity) |
In 1393, he challenged the succession of Niccolò III in Ferrara. | |
Alberto V | 27 February 1347 Ferrara Son of Obizzo III and |
1388–1393 | 30 July 1393 Ferrara aged 46 |
Modena and Ferrara | 1388 no children (lover until 1393) 1393 one child (legitimized 1393) |
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Niccolò III | ![]() |
9 November 1383 Ferrara Son of Alberto V and |
1393–1441 | 6 December 1441 Ferrara aged 58 |
Modena and Ferrara (1393–1405) Modena, Ferrara and Reggio (1405–1441) |
Gigliola da Carrara 1394 no children Laura (Parisina) Malatesta 1418 three children Ricciarda of Saluzzo 1429 or 1431 two children |
Recovered Reggio in 1405. |
Taddeo | 1390 Este Son of Azzo X |
1415–1448 | 21 June 1448 Mozzanica aged 43 |
Este | two children no children |
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Leonello | ![]() |
21 September 1407 Ferrara Bastard son of Niccolò III and Stella de' Tolomei |
1441–1450 | 1 October 1450 Voghiera aged 43 |
Ferrara, Modena and Reggio | 1435 one child 1444 no children |
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May 1434 Este Son of Taddeo and |
1441–1450 | 4 November 1463 Corinth aged 29 |
Este | no children |
Left no descendants. After his death the original possessions of the family (marquisate of Este) were annexed to Ferrara. | ||
The Marquisate of Este was definitely annexed to Modena-Ferrara-Reggio | |||||||
Borso | ![]() |
24 August 1413 Ferrara Bastard son of Niccolò III and Stella de' Tolomei |
1450–1471 | 18 May 1471 aged 57 |
Ferrara, Modena and Reggio | Unmarried | Duke of Modena and Reggio from 1452, Duke of Ferrara from 1471.[7] |
Ercole I | ![]() |
26 October 1431 Ferrara Son of Niccolò III and Ricciarda of Saluzzo |
1471–1505 | 15 June 1505 Ferrara aged 73 |
Ferrara, Modena and Reggio | Eleanor of Naples July 1473 six children |
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Sigismondo I | ![]() |
31 August 1433 Ferrara Son of Niccolò III and Ricciarda of Saluzzo |
1490–1507 | 1 April 1507 Ferrara aged 73 |
San Martino in Rio | Pizzocara three children |
Received the lordship based at San Martino in Rio from his brother, in 1490. |
Alfonso I | ![]() |
21 July 1476 Ferrara Son of Ercole I and Eleanor of Naples |
1505–1534 | 31 October 1534 Ferrara aged 58 |
Ferrara, Modena and Reggio | Anna Maria Sforza 23 January 1491 Pavia no children Lucrezia Borgia 1 September 1501 Ferrara seven children |
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Before 1507 Bastard son of Sigismondo I and |
1507–1523 | 1523 Castellarano |
San Martino in Rio | 28 November 1492 two children |
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Before 1523 Son of and |
1523–1561 | 1561 Pavia |
San Martino in Rio | 1533 six children |
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Ercole II | ![]() |
5 April 1508 Ferrara Son of Alfonso I and Lucrezia Borgia |
1534–1559 | 3 October 1559 Ferrara aged 51 |
Ferrara, Modena and Reggio | Renée of France 28 June 1528 Paris five children |
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Alfonso II | ![]() |
22 November 1533 Ferrara Son of Ercole II and Renée of France |
1559–1597 | 27 October 1597 Ferrara aged 63 |
Ferrara, Modena and Reggio | Lucrezia de' Medici 3 July 1558 Florence no children Barbara of Austria 5 December 1565 Innsbruck no children Margherita Gonzaga 24 February 1579 Ferrara no children |
Left no descendants. He was succeeded by his cousin Cesare. |
1537 Ferrara Son of and |
1561–1592 | 13 December 1592 Ferrara aged 54–55 |
San Martino in Rio (1561–1580) San Martino in Rio and Lanzo (1580–1592) |
20 January 1570 Turin five children |
During his rule the lordship was raised to a marquisate (1588). Acquired in 1580 the marquisate of Lanzo. | ||
Alfonso | 10 March 1527 Ferrara Bastard son of Alfonso I and Laura Dianti |
1562–1587 | 1 November 1587 Ferrara aged 50 |
Montecchio | Giulia Della Rovere 3 January 1549 three children |
Inherited from his father the lordship of Montecchio, which was raised to marquisate in 1569. | |
Montecchio briefly annexed to Modena | |||||||
1 November 1571 San Martino in Rio Son of and |
1592–1652 | 26 May 1652 Milan aged 80 |
San Martino in Rio and Lanzo | 1606 no children no children |
Inherited San Martino in Rio. | ||
1577 San Martino in Rio Son of and |
1592–1628 | 27 August 1628 aged 50–51 |
Lanzo | 1618 three children |
Inherited Lanzo. | ||
Cesare | ![]() |
8 October 1562 Ferrara Son of Alfonso I, Marquess of Montecchio and Giulia della Rovere |
1597–1628 | 11 December 1628 Modena aged 67 |
Ferrara, Modena and Reggio (1597–1598) Modena and Reggio (1598–1628) |
Virginia de' Medici 30 January 1586 Florence ten children |
Cousin of the predecessor. In 1598, the lack of recognition of his succession in Ferrara led to its annexation to the Papal States. |
Ferrara definitely annexed by the Papal States | |||||||
Alfonso III | ![]() |
22 October 1591 Ferrara Son of Cesare and Virginia de' Medici |
1628–1629 | 26 May 1644 Castelnuovo di Garfagnana aged 52 |
Modena and Reggio | Isabella of Savoy 22 February 1608 Turin fourteen children |
In 1629, abdicated to his son, to enter in the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin. |
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27 March 1594 Ferrara Son of Cesare and Virginia de' Medici |
1638–1664 | 1 January 1664 Modena aged 69 |
Montecchio | Unmarried | Received from his nephew the marquisate of Montecchio in 1638. Additionally, inherited the marquisate of Scandiano from the Bentivoglio family. | |
1643–1664 | Scandiano | ||||||
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1621 Son of and |
1628–1652 | 1653 aged 31–32 |
Lanzo | 30 November 1645 Turin three children |
In 1652, reunited Lanzo and San Martino in Rio. Created, in 1646, the marquisate of Dronero. | |
1652–1653 | San Martino in Rio | ||||||
Lanzo definitely annexed to San Martino in Rio | |||||||
Francesco I | ![]() |
6 September 1610 Modena Son of Alfonso III and Isabella of Savoy |
1629–1658 | 14 October 1658 Santhià aged 48 |
Modena and Reggio | Maria Caterina Farnese 11 January 1631 Parma nine children Vittoria Farnese 12 February 1648 Parma one child Lucrezia Barberini 14 October 1654 one child |
Joined Florence and Venice against the Papal States in the Wars of Castro, hoping to reconquer Ferrara, with no success. |
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1622 Son of and |
1652–1695 | 24 October 1695 Vienna aged 72–73 |
Borgomanero and Porlezza | one child |
Inherited from his father the lands of Borgomanero and Porlezza, creating a new marquisate. | |
1647 Son of and |
1653–1732 | 28 August 1732 Parma aged 84–85 |
San Martino in Rio | seven children |
In 1720, the title of "marquess of Lanzo" ceased to exist. | ||
1649 Son of and |
1653–1703 | 25 July 1703 Parma aged 53–54 |
Dronero | six children |
Inherited the marquisate of Dronero. | ||
Alfonso IV | ![]() |
14 October 1634 Modena Son of Francesco I and Maria Caterina Farnese |
1658–1662 | 16 July 1662 Modena aged 27 |
Modena and Reggio | Laura Martinozzi 27 May 1655 Compiègne two children |
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Francesco II under guardianship of Laura Martinozzi (1662–1674) |
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6 March 1660 Modena Son of Alfonso IV and Laura Martinozzi |
1662–1694 | 6 September 1694 Modena aged 34 |
Modena and Reggio | Margherita Maria Farnese 14 July 1692 Parma no children |
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28 August 1648 Reggio Emilia Son of Borso d'Este and Ippolita d'Este |
1664–1698 | 26 May 1698 Modena aged 49 |
Scandiano | Unmarried | |||
20 April 1652 Son of Borso d'Este and Ippolita d'Este |
1664–1680 | 1725 aged 72–73 |
Montecchio | Unmarried | In 1680, abdicated from Montecchio to his brother. Inherited Scandiano in 1698, which after his death reverted to Modena. | ||
1698–1725 | Scandiano | ||||||
Scandiano was annexed to Modena | |||||||
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1653 Son of Borso d'Este and Ippolita d'Este |
1680–1713 | 1713 aged 59–60 |
Montecchio | Unmarried | After his death, Montecchio reverted to Modena. | |
Montecchio was annexed to Modena | |||||||
Rinaldo | ![]() |
26 April 1655 Modena Son of Francesco I and Lucrezia Barberini |
1694–1737 | 26 April 1737 Modena aged 82 |
Modena and Reggio | Charlotte Felicitas of Brunswick-Lüneburg 11 February 1696 Modena seven children |
Albeit declaring neutrality on the War of the Spanish Succession, France invaded Modena and Rinaldo had to flee to Bologna. In 1707, German troops ousted the French and restored the throne to Rinaldo. |
1646 Son of and |
1695–1714 | 24 October 1695 Vienna aged 72–73 |
Borgomanero and Porlezza | 1671 one child |
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1673 Son of and |
1716–1734 | 1734 Castelfranco Emilia aged 60–61 |
Borgomanero and Porlezza | two children |
After his death Dronero went to Birago di Vische family | ||
1703–1734 | Dronero | ||||||
Borgamanero was annexed to San Martino in Rio | |||||||
Dronero inherited by the Birago di Vische family | |||||||
1678 San Martino in Rio Son of and |
1732–1757 | 30 April 1752 aged 73–74 |
San Martino in Rio | 1734 three children |
In 1747 the marquisate was raised to a principality. However, as he didn't have male heirs, after his death, the ands he ruled went to Modena. | ||
San Martino in Rio definitely annexed to Modena-Reggio | |||||||
Francesco III | ![]() |
2 July 1698 Modena Son of Rinaldo and Charlotte Felicitas of Brunswick-Lüneburg |
1737–1780 | 22 February 1780 Modena aged 81 |
Modena and Reggio | Charlotte Aglaé d'Orléans 21 June 1720 Modena ten children |
As the duchy was bankrupted by the Wars of the Spanish, Polish, and Austrian Successions, Francesco sold artworks of the Estense Gallery. He was a careful administrator, but most of the duchy's financial policy was in the hands of the Austrian plenipotentiary, . |
Ercole III | ![]() |
22 September 1727 Modena Son of Francesco III and Isabella of Savoy |
1780–1796 | 14 October 1803 Treviso aged 75 |
Modena and Reggio | Maria Teresa Cybo-Malaspina, Duchess of Massa 16 April 1741 Modena two children 1795 (morganatic) one child |
In 1785 he founded the Atesine Academy of Fine Arts: during his reign arts and culture flourished. The French invasion forced him to flee to Venice on 7 May 1796. Later, French soldiers captured him there, robbing 200,000 zecchini from his house. Then he moved to Treviso, where he died in 1803. The peaces of Treaty of Campo Formio (1797) and Lunéville had assigned him territories in Breisgau in exchange of the lost Duchy, but he never took possession of them. |
Habsburg-Este Dukes of Modena and Reggio, 1814–1859[]
(from 1815 also Duke of Mirandola and from 1829 Duke of Massa and Prince of Carrara)
Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriages | Death |
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Francesco IV 14 July 1814– 21 January 1846 |
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6 October 1779 Milan son of Ferdinand, Duke of Breisgau and Maria Beatrice d'Este, Duchess of Massa |
Maria Beatrice of Savoy 20 June 1812 Cagliari Cathedral four children |
21 January 1846 Modena aged 66 |
Francesco V 21 January 1846– 11 June 1859 |
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1 June 1819 Modena son of Francis IV and Maria Beatrice of Savoy |
Princess Adelgunde of Bavaria 20 March 1842 Kreuzkirche (Munich) one daughter |
20 November 1875 Vienna aged 56 |
Habsburg-Este Dukes of Modena and Reggio, post monarchy[]
- Francesco V (1859–1875)
- Francis Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria-Este (1875–1914)
- Charles, Archduke of Austria-Este (1914–1917)
- Robert, Archduke of Austria-Este (1917–1996)
- Lorenz, Archduke of Austria-Este (1996–present)
- Heir apparent: Prince Amedeo of Belgium, Archduke of Austria-Este
See also[]
References[]
- ^ Pius II (2003). Meserve, Margaret; Simonetta, Marcello (eds.). Commentaries, vol. I. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 121.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Cawley 2001.
- ^ Luciano Chiappini, Gli Estensi, p. 19, Varese, 1988.
- ^ Pivano, Silvio (1935). Obertenghi. Enciclopedia Italiana. Treccani.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-10-20. Retrieved 2017-01-04.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^ a b c d e f g h Claudio Maria Goldoni. Atlante estense. p. 291.
- ^ Tuohy, Thomas (2002). Herculean Ferrara : Ercole d'Este, 1471-1505, and the invention of a Ducal capital (1st pbk. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, published with the assistance of the Istituto di Studi Rinascimentali, Ferrara. p. 211. ISBN 978-0521522632.
Bibliography[]
- Cawley, Charles (2001), Medieval Lands - Foundation for Medieval Genealogy, Modena, Ferrara, fmg.ac
- Dukedoms of Italy
- Dukes of Ferrara
- Dukes of Modena
- Dukes of Reggio
- House of Este
- Austria-Este
- Lists of dukes