Divisions of the Carpathians

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Map of the main divisions of the Carpathians.
1. Outer Western Carpathians
2. Inner Western Carpathians
3. Outer Eastern Carpathians
4. Inner Eastern Carpathians
5. Southern Carpathians
6. Western Romanian Carpathians
7. Transylvanian Plateau
8. Serbian Carpathians

Divisions of the Carpathians are a categorization of the Carpathian mountains system.

Below is a detailed overview of the major subdivisions and ranges of the Carpathian Mountains. The Carpathians are a "subsystem" of a bigger Alps-Himalaya System that stretches from western Europe all the way to southern Asia, and are further divided into "provinces" and "subprovinces". The last level of the division, i.e. the actual mountain ranges and basins, is usually classified as "units". The main divisions are shown in the map on the right.

To generalize, there are three major provinces (regions): Western Carpathians, Eastern Carpathians, and the Southern Carpathians.

Naming Conventions[]

The division is largely (with many exceptions) undisputed at the lowest level (except for the Ukrainian part), but various divisions are given for the higher levels, especially for the penultimate level. A geomorphological division has been used as much as the data was available; other new physiogeographic divisions were used in other cases. Where the classification of a higher level "title" is known/sure, it is added at the end of the name in brackets, e.g. "(subprovince)".

Taxonomy

The names are also given in the language of the corresponding country and marked by the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country codes:

The most confusing and diverse is the classification of the Beskids, including the Western Beskids, the Central Beskids and the Eastern Beskids. Their geologic features are fairly distinct, but multiple traditions, languages, and nationalities have developed overlapping variants for the divisions and names of these ranges.

In Romania, it is usual to divide the Eastern Carpathians in Romanian territory into three formal groups (northern, central, southern), instead in Outer and Inner sections of Eastern Carpathians. The Romanian approach is shown by adding the following abbreviations to the names of units within Romania:

  • MMB = (Munții Carpați ai Maramureșului și Bucovinei)
  • MMT = (Munții Carpați Moldo-Transilvani)
  • MC = Curvature Carpathians (Munții Carpați de Curbură)

A similar standard (grouping of outer and inner sections) is traditionally applied within broader use of the term "Wooded Carpathians", that encompasses all mountain ranges within the central section of Outer Eastern Carpathians, including Eastern Beskids with Polonynian Mountains, and also all mountains within the northern section of Inner Eastern Carpathians, including Vihorlat-Gutin Area and Maramureș-Rodna Area.

The Transylvanian Plateau is encircled by, and geologically a part of, the Carpathians. But it is not a mountainous region and its inclusion is disputed in some sources. Its features are included below.

The Serbian Carpathians are sometimes considered part of the Southern Carpathians (together with the Banat Mountains), sometimes not considered part of the Carpathians at all. They're included below.

The regions of Outer Subcarpathia lay outside the broad arc of the entire formation and are usually listed as part of the individual divisions of the Carpathian Mountains, i.e. of Western Carpathians, Eastern Carpathians, etc. With the difficulty of finding their exact subdivisions, they are given only as a list of the final units (mountains etc.) from the west to the east and south, in a separate listing at the end.

Western Carpathians (province)[]

Geomorphological Structure of Carpathian

Outer Western Carpathians (subprovince)[]

South-Moravian Carpathians (CZ) / (AT) (area)[]

(CZ: Jihomoravské Karpaty, AT: Österreichisch-Südmährische Karpaten)

  • (AT: Leiser Berge, Niederösterreichische Inselbergschwelle) + Mikulov Highlands (CZ: Mikulovská vrchovina)
  • Dyje-Svratka Vale (AT: Thaya-Schwarza Thalsenke, CZ: Dyjsko-svratecký úval)

Central Moravian Carpathians (CZ) (area)[]

(CZ: Středomoravské Karpaty)

Slovak-Moravian Carpathians (CZ/SK) (area)[]

(CZ/SK: Slovensko-moravské Karpaty)

West Beskidian Foothills (CZ / PL) (area)[]

West Beskidian Foothills, marked in red and labeled with D

(CZ: Západobeskydské podhůří, PL: Pogórze Zachodniobeskidzkie)

  • Silesian-Moravian Foothills (PL: Pogórze Śląsko-Morawskie, CZ: Podbeskydská pahorkatina)
  • Silesian Foothills (PL: Pogórze Śląskie)
  • (PL: Pogórze Wielickie)
  • (PL: Pogórze Wiśnickie)

Western Beskids (CZ / SK / PL) (area)[]

Western section of Western Beskids, marked in red and labeled with E
Northern section of Western Beskids, marked in red and labeled with F
Eastern section of the Western Beskids, marked in red and labeled with H

(CZ: Západní Beskydy, SK: Západné Beskydy, PL: Beskidy Zachodnie)

Western section of the Western Beskids

Northern section of the Western Beskids

Eastern section of the Western Beskids (in Slovak terminology: Eastern Beskids, SK: Východné Beskydy)

Central section of the Western Beskids (in Slovak terminology: Central Beskids, SK: Stredné Beskydy)

Central section of the Western Beskids, marked in red and labeled with G
  • Orava Beskids (SK: Oravské Beskydy) + Żywiec Beskids (PL: Beskid Żywiecki) (the older SK equivalent of Beskid Zywiecki is "Slovenské Beskydy"- Slovak Beskids or "Kysucko-oravské Beskydy"- Kysuce-Orava Beskids; the older polish equivalent is "Beskid Wysoki" - High Beskids)
  • Kysuce Beskids (SK: Kysucké Beskydy) +Żywiec Beskids (PL: Beskid Żywiecki) (the older SK equivalent of Beskid Zywiecki is "Slovenské Beskydy" or "Kysucko-oravské Beskydy"; the older polish equivalent is "Beskid Wysoki" - High Beskids)
  • (SK: Kysucká vrchovina)
  • Orava Magura (SK: Oravská Magura)
  • Orava Highlands (SK: Oravská vrchovina)
  • (SK: Podbeskydská brázda)
  • (SK: Podbeskydská vrchovina)

Podhale-Magura Area (SK)/ (PL)[2] (area)[]

Podhale-Magura Area, marked in red and labeled withD I

(SK: Podhôľno-magurská oblasť, PL: Obniżenie Orawsko-Podhalańskie)

  • (SK: Skorušinské vrchy) + (PL: Pogórze Spisko-Gubałowskie)
  • (SK: Podtatranská brázda, PL: Rów Podtatrzański)
  • Spiš Magura (SK: Spišská Magura) + (PL: Pogórze Spisko-Gubałowskie)
  • Levoča Mountains (SK: Levočské vrchy)
  • (SK)
  • (SK: Spišsko-šarišské medzihorie)
  • (SK: Šarišská vrchovina)
  • (SK: Oravská kotlina) + (PL: Kotlina Orawsko-Nowotarska)

Inner Western Carpathians (subprovince)[]

Slovak Ore Mountains (SK) (area)[]

Slovak: Slovenské rudohorie

The Slovak Ore Mountains within Slovakia in grey

Fatra-Tatra Area (SK/PL/AT) * (area)[]

Slovak:Fatransko-tatranská oblasť
Fatra-Tatra area within Slovakia in red

Slovak Central Mountains (Slovenské stredohorie) (SK) (area)[]

SK: Slovenské stredohorie, EN: Slovakian mid-mountainous region
Location of Slovak mid-mountainous region in Slovakia (in gray)

Lučenec-Košice Depression (SK/HU) (area)[]

SK: Lučensko-košická zníženina
  • (SK: Juhoslovenská kotlina) + (HU: Középső-Ipoly-völgy) + (HU: Borsodi-dombság)
  • (SK: Bodvianska pahorkatina)
  • (SK: Košická kotlina) + (HU: Hernád-völgy)

Mátra-Slanec Area (SK) /North Hungarian Mountains (HU) (area)[]

SK: Matransko-slanská oblasť, HU: Északi-középhegység
  • Börzsöny Mountains (HU: Börzsöny-hegység, literally: Logwood Mountains) + (SK)
  • (HU: Gödöllői-dombság)
  • (SK; Cerová Highlands) + Cserhát (HU: Cserhát)
  • Mátra (HU: Mátra)
  • Bükk (HU: Bükk – literally Beech Mountains)
  • (HU: Cserehát)
  • Slanec Mountains (SK: Slanské vrchy) + Zemplén Mountains (HU: Zempléni-hegység, also Tokaji-hegység/Tokaj Mountains)
  • Zemplín Mountains (SK, Zemplínske vrchy)

Eastern Carpathians (province)[]

Clarification: In Ukraine sometimes is denoted as "Eastern Carpathians" only the part basically on their territory (i.e.to the north of the Prislop Pass), while in Romania sometimes use to call "Eastern Carpathians" (Carpații Orientali) only the other part, which lies on their territory (i.e. from the Ukrainian border or from the Prislop Pass to the south). In some Polish classifications, Central Beskids and Central Beskidian Piedmont belongs to Western Carpathians province and Outer Western Carpathians subprovince.

Outer Eastern Carpathians (subprovince)[]

Central Beskidian Piedmont (PL)***[]

Central Beskidian Piedmont, marked in red and labeled with A
PL: Pogórze Środkowobeskidzkie
  • (PL: Pogórze Rożnowskie)
  • (PL: Pogórze Ciężkowickie)
  • (PL: Pogórze Strzyżowskie)
  • (PL: Pogórze Dynowskie)
  • (PL: Pogórze Przemyskie)
  • (PL: Obniżenie Gorlickie)
  • (PL: Kotlina Jasielsko-Krośnieńska)
  • (PL: Pogórze Jasielskie)
  • Bukowsko Piedmont (PL: Pogórze Bukowskie)

Central Beskids (area)[]

Central Beskids, marked in red and labeled with B
PL: Beskidy Środkowe (in Slovak terminology: Lower Beskids, SK: Nízke Beskydy)[3]

Eastern Beskids (area)[]

Eastern Beskids, marked in red and labeled with C
PL: Beskidy Wschodnie; UA: Східні Бескиди. There are several variants of names and divisions of these ranges, that include the southeastern corner of Poland, far northeastern corner of Slovakia, and all of the Ukrainian Carpathians. They are commonly divided into two parallel ridges: and Polonynian Beskids.

(PL: Beskidy Lesiste; UA: Лісисті Бескиди):

  • Bieszczady Mountains (PL: Bieszczady; UK: Бещади) → c1
  • Sanok-Turka Mountains (PL: Góry Sanocko-Turczańskie; UK: Верхньодністровські Бескиди / Verkhnodnistrovski Beskydy) → c3
  • Skole Beskids (PL: Beskidy Skolskie; UA: Сколівські Бескиди) → c2
  • Gorgany (PL: Gorgany; UA: Ґорґани) → c4
  • (PL: Beskidy Pokucko-Bukowińskie; UA: Покутсько-Буковинські Карпати / Pokutsko-Bukovinski Karpaty) → c5

Polonynian Beskids (PL: Beskidy Połonińskie; UA: Полонинські Бескиди; SK: Poloniny):

  • (PL: Połonina Równa; UK: Полонина Рівна) → c6
  • (PL: Połonina Borżawska; UK: Полонина Боржава) → c7
  • (PL: Połonina Kuk; UK: Полонина Кук) → c8
  • (PL: Połonina Czerwona; UK: Полонина Красна)→ c9
  • Svydovets (PL: Świdowiec; UK: Свидівець) → c10
  • Chornohora (PL: Czarnohora; UK: Чорногора) → c11
  • (PL: Połoniny Hryniawskie; UK: Гриняви) → c12

Moldavian-Muntenian Carpathians[]

Moldavian-Muntenian Carpathians, marked in red and labeled with D

Inner Eastern Carpathians (subprovince)[]

Map of Inner Eastern and Outer Eastern Carpathians (RO: Carpații Orientali) within Romania

Vihorlat-Gutin Area[]

SK: Vihorlatsko-gutínska oblasť, UA: Вигорлат-Гутинський хребет
  • Vihorlat Mountains (SK: Vihorlatské vrchy) + Vyhorliat (UA: Вигорлат) → (B3a1)
  • (UA: Маковиця) → (B3a2)
  • (UA: Великий Діл) → (B3a3)
  • (UA: Тупий) → (B3a4)
  • Oaș Mountains (RO: Munții Oașului, UA: Оаш гори) and Oaș Lowland (RO: Depresiunea Oașului) MMB → (B3a5)
  • Gutin Mountains (RO: Munții Gutâiului, UA: Гутинський масив) MMB → (B3a6)
  • Țibleș Mountains (RO: Munții Țibleșului) MMB → (B3a7)

[]

  • (RO: Depresiunea Maramureșului, UA: Мармароська улоговина) MMB → (B3e1)
  • Maramureș Mountains (RO: Munții Maramureșului, UA: Мармароський масив) MMB → (B3e2)
  • Rodna Mountains (RO: Munții Rodnei, UA: Родна гори) MMB → (B3e3)

Bistrița Mountains (RO)[]

RO: Munții Bistriței
  • Bistrița Mountains (Munții Bistriței) sensu stricto, i.e. (Masivul Pietrosul; literally: Rocky Massif) + (Masivul Budacul) + Ceahlău Massif (Masivul Ceahlău), the latter being considered a separate range sometimes, MMT
  • Mestecăniș Ridge (Obcina Mestecăniș) MMB
  • (Depresiunea Dornei) MMB
  • (Munții Giumalău-Rarău) MMB
  • (Munții Giurgeului) MMT
  • Hășmaș Mountains (Munții Hășmașu Mare) MMT

Căliman-Harghita Mountains (RO)[]

RO: Munții Căliman-Harghita

Giurgeu-Brașov Depression (RO)[]

RO: Depresiunea Giurgeu-Brașovului

Southern Carpathians (RO) (province)[]

Bucegi Mountains Group[]

RO: Grupa Munții Bucegi

Făgăraș Mountains group[]

RO: Grupa Munții Făgărașului

Parâng Mountains group[]

RO: Grupa Munții Parângului

Retezat-Godeanu Mountains group[]

RO: Grupa Munții Retezat-Godeanu

Western Romanian Carpathians (RO)[]

RO: Carpații Occidentali or Carpații Apuseni or Carpații de Apus. The term Bihor Massif is sometimes used for the Apuseni Mountains and Poiana Ruscă.

Apuseni Mountains (Munții Apuseni)[]

(Munții Criș) :

(Munții Seș-Meseșului):

  • Meseș Mountains (Munții Meseșului)
  • (Muntele Seș)
  • (Depresiunea Șimleu), often considered part of the Transylvanian Basin-Podișul Someșan
  • Șimleu Mountains (Munții Șimleu), often considered part of the Transylvanian Basin-Podișul Someșan

Bihor Massif (Masivul Bihor):

(Munții Mureșului):

  • (Munții Zarandului)
  • Metalliferous Mountains (Munții Metaliferi), incl. Trascău Mountains (Munții Trascăului)

Poiana Ruscă Mountains[]

RO: Munții Poiana Ruscă

(Note: sometimes considered part of the Southern Carpathians)

  • Poiana Ruscă (literally: Ruscă Meadows)
  • (Podișul Lipovei)
  • (Culoarul Bega-Timiș)
  • (Culoarul Orăștiei), incl. (Depresiunea Hațegului)

Banat Mountains[]

RO: Munții Banatului

(Note: sometimes considered part of the Southern Carpathians)

  • Banat Mountains (Munții Banatului) sensu stricto, i.e. (Munții Semenic), (Munții Locvei), (Munții Aninei) and (Munții Dognecei)
  • (Munții Almăjului)
  • Timiș-Cerna Gap (Culoarul Timiș-Cerna), incl. (Depresiunea Almăj)
  • (Dealurile Carașului)

Transylvanian Plateau (RO)[]

RO: Depresiunea Transilvaniei, i.e. Transylvanian Depression. Some authors do not consider it to be part of the Carpathians.
  • (Depresiunea Mureș-Turda)
  • (Depresiunea Sibiului)
  • (Depresiunea Făgărașului)

Transylvanian Plateau (Podișul Transilvaniei):

  • (Podișul Târnavelor), incl. (Podișul Hârtibaciului) and (Podișul Secașelor)
  • Transylvanian Plain (Câmpia Transilvaniei), or Transylvanian Plateau (Podișul Transivan(iei)) sensu stricto
  • (Podișul Someșan or Podișul Someșelor)

Serbian Carpathians (RS)[]

Serbian: Karpatske planine, i.e. "Carpathian Mountains". Sometimes considered part of the Southern Carpathians (together with the Banat Mountains), sometimes not considered part of the Carpathians at all.

Outer Subcarpathian regions (subprovince)[]

The Outer Subcarpathian regions are divided into Western, Northern, etc. and are usually treated as part of the individual parts of the Carpathian Mountains, i.e. of Western Carpathians, Eastern Carpathians, etc. Since, however, it was impossible to find their exact subdivision, they are given only as a list of the final units (mountains, etc.) from the west to the east and south here:

  • (DE: Weinviertler Hügelland; CZ: Weinviertelská pahorkatina; PL: Pogórze Weinviertel) + Dyje-Svratka Valley (DE: Thaya-Schwarza-Talsenke; CZ: Dyjsko-svratecký úval) → A1.1
  • Vyškov Gate (CZ: Vyškovská brána) → A1.2
  • (CZ: Hornomoravský úval) → A1.3
  • Moravian Gate (CZ: Moravská brána) → A1.4
  • Ostrava Basin (CZ: Ostravská pánev, PL: Kotlina Ostrawska) → A1.5
  • Oświęcim Basin (PL: Kotlina Oświęcimska) → A1.6
  • Kraków Gate (PL: Brama Krakowska) → A1.7
  • Sandomierz Basin (PL: Kotlina Sandomierska) + (PL: Płaskowyż Sańsko-Dniestrzański; UA: Сянсько-Дністровська рівнина) → B1.1
  • (UA: Верхньодністровська улоговина) → B1.2
  • (PL: Wysoczyzna Drohobycka; UA: Дрогобицька височина) → B1.3
  • (UA: Придністровська рівнина) → B1.4
  • (UA: Покутська височина) → B1.5
  • (UA: Буковинське Прикарпаття; RO: Podișul Bucovinei) + Suceava Plateau (RO: Podișul Sucevei) → B1.6
  • (RO: Culoarul Moldova-Siret) → B1.7
  • Moldavian Subcarpathians (RO: Subcarpații Moldovei) → B1.8
  • (RO: Subcarpații Munteniei) → B1.9
  • (RO: Subcarpații Getici) + (RO: Podișul Getic) → C1.1

Footnotes[]

  1. ^ Földvary, G. Z., ed. (1988). Geology of the Carpathian Region, pp. 106, 108, 109, 172, 554, etc., World Scientific Publishing, Singapore. ISBN 9971-50-344-1.
  2. ^ The Tatransko-fatranská oblasť and the Podhôrno-magurská oblasť, sometimes together with the units Vtáčnik, Kremnické vrchy, Pohronský Inovec and parts of Považské podolie, are known as "Central Western Carpathians" in some non-geomorphological systems.
  3. ^ Often considered part of Outer Western Carpathians in non-geomorphological systems.

Bibliography[]

  • Kondracki, Jerzy. Karpaty. Ed.2 (updated). "Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne". Warsaw, 1989. (ISBN 83-02-04067-3) (in Polish)
  • Vladár,J. (editor). Encyklopédia Slovenska. Vol.4, letters T-Ž. "Veda". Bratislava, 1982. p. 497 (in Slovak)
  • Plašienka,D. Origin and growth of the Western Carpathian orogenetic wedge during the mesozoic. Geologica Carpathica Special Issues, 53, Proceedings of XVII. Congress of Carpathian-Balkan Geological Association Bratislava, September 1–4, 2002
  • Mazúr, E., Lukniš M., Geomorphological division of SSR and ČSSR. Slovakian part. "Slovenská kartografia." Bratislava, 1986
  • Rohlík, Jiří. Moravo-Silesian Beskids, Collection of tourist maps 1:50 000. "TRASA, s.r.o.". Prague, 2001. (ISBN 80-85999-29-3). (in Czech)
  • Ludvík, Marcel. Beskids, Travel guide of ČSSR. "Olympia". Prague, 1987. (27-031-87). (in Czech)
  • Földvary, Gábor Z. (1988). Geology of the Carpathian Region. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Company. ISBN 9789813103825.
  • Tasenkevich, Lydia (2009). "Polonynas: Highlands Pastures in the Ukrainian Carpathians". Grasslands in Europe: Of High Nature Value. Zeist: KNNV Publishing. pp. 203–208. ISBN 9789004278103.

External links[]

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