Divisions of the Carpathians
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Divisions of the Carpathians are a categorization of the Carpathian mountains system.
Below is a detailed overview of the major subdivisions and ranges of the Carpathian Mountains. The Carpathians are a "subsystem" of a bigger Alps-Himalaya System that stretches from western Europe all the way to southern Asia, and are further divided into "provinces" and "subprovinces". The last level of the division, i.e. the actual mountain ranges and basins, is usually classified as "units". The main divisions are shown in the map on the right.
To generalize, there are three major provinces (regions): Western Carpathians, Eastern Carpathians, and the Southern Carpathians.
Naming Conventions[]
The division is largely (with many exceptions) undisputed at the lowest level (except for the Ukrainian part), but various divisions are given for the higher levels, especially for the penultimate level. A geomorphological division has been used as much as the data was available; other new physiogeographic divisions were used in other cases. Where the classification of a higher level "title" is known/sure, it is added at the end of the name in brackets, e.g. "(subprovince)".
- Taxonomy
The names are also given in the language of the corresponding country and marked by the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country codes:
The most confusing and diverse is the classification of the Beskids, including the Western Beskids, the Central Beskids and the Eastern Beskids. Their geologic features are fairly distinct, but multiple traditions, languages, and nationalities have developed overlapping variants for the divisions and names of these ranges.
In Romania, it is usual to divide the Eastern Carpathians in Romanian territory into three formal groups (northern, central, southern), instead in Outer and Inner sections of Eastern Carpathians. The Romanian approach is shown by adding the following abbreviations to the names of units within Romania:
- MMB = (Munții Carpați ai Maramureșului și Bucovinei)
- MMT = (Munții Carpați Moldo-Transilvani)
- MC = Curvature Carpathians (Munții Carpați de Curbură)
A similar standard (grouping of outer and inner sections) is traditionally applied within broader use of the term "Wooded Carpathians", that encompasses all mountain ranges within the central section of Outer Eastern Carpathians, including Eastern Beskids with Polonynian Mountains, and also all mountains within the northern section of Inner Eastern Carpathians, including Vihorlat-Gutin Area and Maramureș-Rodna Area.
The Transylvanian Plateau is encircled by, and geologically a part of, the Carpathians. But it is not a mountainous region and its inclusion is disputed in some sources. Its features are included below.
The Serbian Carpathians are sometimes considered part of the Southern Carpathians (together with the Banat Mountains), sometimes not considered part of the Carpathians at all. They're included below.
The regions of Outer Subcarpathia lay outside the broad arc of the entire formation and are usually listed as part of the individual divisions of the Carpathian Mountains, i.e. of Western Carpathians, Eastern Carpathians, etc. With the difficulty of finding their exact subdivisions, they are given only as a list of the final units (mountains etc.) from the west to the east and south, in a separate listing at the end.
Western Carpathians (province)[]
Outer Western Carpathians (subprovince)[]
South-Moravian Carpathians (CZ) / (AT) (area)[]
(CZ: Jihomoravské Karpaty, AT: Österreichisch-Südmährische Karpaten)
- (AT: Leiser Berge, Niederösterreichische Inselbergschwelle) + Mikulov Highlands (CZ: Mikulovská vrchovina)
- Dyje-Svratka Vale (AT: Thaya-Schwarza Thalsenke, CZ: Dyjsko-svratecký úval)
Central Moravian Carpathians (CZ) (area)[]
(CZ: Středomoravské Karpaty)
- Ždánice Forest (Ždánický les)
- (Litenčická pahorkatina)
- Chřiby
- Kyjov Hills (Kyjovská pahorkatina)
Slovak-Moravian Carpathians (CZ/SK) (area)[]
(CZ/SK: Slovensko-moravské Karpaty)
- White Carpathians (CZ: Bílé Karpaty, SK: Biele Karpaty)
- Maple Mountains (Javorníky) (CZ+SK)
- Myjava Hills (SK: Myjavská pahorkatina)
- (SK: Považské podolie)
- Vizovice Highlands (CZ: Vizovická vrchovina)
West Beskidian Foothills (CZ / PL) (area)[]
(CZ: Západobeskydské podhůří, PL: Pogórze Zachodniobeskidzkie)
- Silesian-Moravian Foothills (PL: Pogórze Śląsko-Morawskie, CZ: Podbeskydská pahorkatina)
- Silesian Foothills (PL: Pogórze Śląskie)
- (PL: Pogórze Wielickie)
- (PL: Pogórze Wiśnickie)
Western Beskids (CZ / SK / PL) (area)[]
(CZ: Západní Beskydy, SK: Západné Beskydy, PL: Beskidy Zachodnie)
Western section of the Western Beskids
- Hostýn-Vsetín Mountains (CZ: Hostýnsko-vsetínská hornatina)
- Moravian-Silesian Beskids (CZ: Moravskoslezské Beskydy, SK: Moravsko-sliezske Beskydy)
- (SK: Turzovská vrchovina)
- (CZ: Jablunkovská brázda)
- (CZ: Rožnovská brázda)
- (SK: Jablunkovské medzihorie, CZ: Jablunkovské mezihoří)
- Silesian Beskids (PL: Beskid Śląski, CZ: Slezské Beskydy)
- Żywiec Basin (PL: Kotlina Żywiecka)
Northern section of the Western Beskids
- Little Beskids (Beskid Mały)
- Maków Beskids or Middle Beskids[1] (Beskid Makowski or "Beskid Średni")
- Island Beskids (Beskid Wyspowy)
- Gorce
- (?) (Kotlina Rabczańska)
- (Kotlina Sądecka)
Eastern section of the Western Beskids (in Slovak terminology: Eastern Beskids, SK: Východné Beskydy)
- Beskid Sądecki (PL: Beskid Sądecki) + (SK: Ľubovnianska vrchovina)
- Čergov (SK) + Czerchów Mountains (PL: Góry Czerchowskie)
- Pieniny (often considered part of the Podhôľno-magurská oblasť in non-geomorphological systems)
Central section of the Western Beskids (in Slovak terminology: Central Beskids, SK: Stredné Beskydy)
- Orava Beskids (SK: Oravské Beskydy) + Żywiec Beskids (PL: Beskid Żywiecki) (the older SK equivalent of Beskid Zywiecki is "Slovenské Beskydy"- Slovak Beskids or "Kysucko-oravské Beskydy"- Kysuce-Orava Beskids; the older polish equivalent is "Beskid Wysoki" - High Beskids)
- Kysuce Beskids (SK: Kysucké Beskydy) +Żywiec Beskids (PL: Beskid Żywiecki) (the older SK equivalent of Beskid Zywiecki is "Slovenské Beskydy" or "Kysucko-oravské Beskydy"; the older polish equivalent is "Beskid Wysoki" - High Beskids)
- (SK: Kysucká vrchovina)
- Orava Magura (SK: Oravská Magura)
- Orava Highlands (SK: Oravská vrchovina)
- (SK: Podbeskydská brázda)
- (SK: Podbeskydská vrchovina)
Podhale-Magura Area (SK)/ (PL)[2] (area)[]
(SK: Podhôľno-magurská oblasť, PL: Obniżenie Orawsko-Podhalańskie)
- (SK: Skorušinské vrchy) + (PL: Pogórze Spisko-Gubałowskie)
- (SK: Podtatranská brázda, PL: Rów Podtatrzański)
- Spiš Magura (SK: Spišská Magura) + (PL: Pogórze Spisko-Gubałowskie)
- Levoča Mountains (SK: Levočské vrchy)
- (SK)
- (SK: Spišsko-šarišské medzihorie)
- (SK: Šarišská vrchovina)
- (SK: Oravská kotlina) + (PL: Kotlina Orawsko-Nowotarska)
Inner Western Carpathians (subprovince)[]
Slovak Ore Mountains (SK) (area)[]
Slovak: Slovenské rudohorie
- Vepor Mountains (Veporské vrchy)
- Spiš-Gemer Karst (Spišsko-gemerský kras)
- Stolica Mountains (Stolické vrchy)
- (Revúcka vrchovina)
- Volovec Mountains (Volovské vrchy)
- Black Mountain (Čierna hora)
- (Rožňavská kotlina)
- Slovak Karst (Slovenský kras) and Aggtelek Karst (Hungarian: Aggteleki-karszt; lies in northern Hungary)
Fatra-Tatra Area (SK/PL/AT) * (area)[]
- Slovak:Fatransko-tatranská oblasť
- Little Carpathians (SK: Malé Karpaty) + Hainburg Mountains (AT: Hainburger Berge)
- Považský Inovec
- Tribeč
- Strážov Mountains (Strážovské vrchy)
- Súľov Mountains (Súľovské vrchy)
- Žiar
- Lesser Fatra (Malá Fatra)
- Greater Fatra (Veľká Fatra)
- Staré Hory Mountains (Starohorské vrchy)
- Choč Mountains (Chočské vrchy)
- Western Tatras
- Eastern Tatras
- Low Tatras (Nízke Tatry)
- Kozie chrbty (literally: Goat Ridges)
- Branisko
- (Žilinská kotlina)
- (Hornonitrianska kotlina)
- Turiec Basin (Turčianska kotlina)
- Podtatranská kotlina (Sub-Tatra Basin)
- (Hornádska kotlina)
Slovak Central Mountains (Slovenské stredohorie) (SK) (area)[]
- SK: Slovenské stredohorie, EN: Slovakian mid-mountainous region
- Vtacnik Mountains (Vtáčnik)
- Pohronský Inovec
- Štiavnica Mountains (Štiavnické vrchy)
- Kremnica Mountains (Kremnické vrchy)
- Poľana
- (Krupinská planina)
- (Zvolenská kotlina)
- (Pliešovská kotlina)
- (Žiarska kotlina)
Lučenec-Košice Depression (SK/HU) (area)[]
- SK: Lučensko-košická zníženina
- (SK: Juhoslovenská kotlina) + (HU: Középső-Ipoly-völgy) + (HU: Borsodi-dombság)
- (SK: Bodvianska pahorkatina)
- (SK: Košická kotlina) + (HU: Hernád-völgy)
Mátra-Slanec Area (SK) /North Hungarian Mountains (HU) (area)[]
- SK: Matransko-slanská oblasť, HU: Északi-középhegység
- Börzsöny Mountains (HU: Börzsöny-hegység, literally: Logwood Mountains) + (SK)
- (HU: Gödöllői-dombság)
- (SK; Cerová Highlands) + Cserhát (HU: Cserhát)
- Mátra (HU: Mátra)
- Bükk (HU: Bükk – literally Beech Mountains)
- (HU: Cserehát)
- Slanec Mountains (SK: Slanské vrchy) + Zemplén Mountains (HU: Zempléni-hegység, also Tokaji-hegység/Tokaj Mountains)
- Zemplín Mountains (SK, Zemplínske vrchy)
Eastern Carpathians (province)[]
Clarification: In Ukraine sometimes is denoted as "Eastern Carpathians" only the part basically on their territory (i.e.to the north of the Prislop Pass), while in Romania sometimes use to call "Eastern Carpathians" (Carpații Orientali) only the other part, which lies on their territory (i.e. from the Ukrainian border or from the Prislop Pass to the south). In some Polish classifications, Central Beskids and Central Beskidian Piedmont belongs to Western Carpathians province and Outer Western Carpathians subprovince.
Outer Eastern Carpathians (subprovince)[]
Central Beskidian Piedmont (PL)***[]
- PL: Pogórze Środkowobeskidzkie
- (PL: Pogórze Rożnowskie)
- (PL: Pogórze Ciężkowickie)
- (PL: Pogórze Strzyżowskie)
- (PL: Pogórze Dynowskie)
- (PL: Pogórze Przemyskie)
- (PL: Obniżenie Gorlickie)
- (PL: Kotlina Jasielsko-Krośnieńska)
- (PL: Pogórze Jasielskie)
- Bukowsko Piedmont (PL: Pogórze Bukowskie)
Central Beskids (area)[]
- PL: Beskidy Środkowe (in Slovak terminology: Lower Beskids, SK: Nízke Beskydy)[3]
- (SK)
- Ondava Highlands (SK: Ondavská vrchovina)
- Low Beskid (PL: Beskid Niski) + Laborec Highlands (SK: Laborecká vrchovina)
- Central Beskidian Piedmont (SK: Beskydské predhorie)
Eastern Beskids (area)[]
- PL: Beskidy Wschodnie; UA: Східні Бескиди. There are several variants of names and divisions of these ranges, that include the southeastern corner of Poland, far northeastern corner of Slovakia, and all of the Ukrainian Carpathians. They are commonly divided into two parallel ridges: and Polonynian Beskids.
(PL: Beskidy Lesiste; UA: Лісисті Бескиди):
- Bieszczady Mountains (PL: Bieszczady; UK: Бещади) → c1
- Sanok-Turka Mountains (PL: Góry Sanocko-Turczańskie; UK: Верхньодністровські Бескиди / Verkhnodnistrovski Beskydy) → c3
- Skole Beskids (PL: Beskidy Skolskie; UA: Сколівські Бескиди) → c2
- Gorgany (PL: Gorgany; UA: Ґорґани) → c4
- (PL: Beskidy Pokucko-Bukowińskie; UA: Покутсько-Буковинські Карпати / Pokutsko-Bukovinski Karpaty) → c5
Polonynian Beskids (PL: Beskidy Połonińskie; UA: Полонинські Бескиди; SK: Poloniny):
- (PL: Połonina Równa; UK: Полонина Рівна) → c6
- (PL: Połonina Borżawska; UK: Полонина Боржава) → c7
- (PL: Połonina Kuk; UK: Полонина Кук) → c8
- (PL: Połonina Czerwona; UK: Полонина Красна)→ c9
- Svydovets (PL: Świdowiec; UK: Свидівець) → c10
- Chornohora (PL: Czarnohora; UK: Чорногора) → c11
- (PL: Połoniny Hryniawskie; UK: Гриняви) → c12
Moldavian-Muntenian Carpathians[]
- (RO: Munții Suhard) MMB
- Ridges of Bukovina (RO: Obcinele Bucovinei), i.e. Obcina Feredeului (Feredeu Ridge), Obcina Mestecăniș (Mestecăniș Ridge) and Obcina Mare (Great Ridge) MMB
- (RO: Munții Stânișoarei, Masivul Ceahlău) MMT
- (RO: Munții Trotușului, i.e. Munții Tarcăului, Munții Goșmanului, Munții Berzunț, Munții Nemira) MMT
- Vrancea Mountains (RO: Munții Vrancei) MC
- Buzău Mountains (RO: Munții Buzăului) MC
- (RO: Munții Teleajenului și Doftanei, i.e. Masivul Ciucaș-Muntele Roșu, Munții Grohotiș, Munții Baiului, Munții Gârbovei) MC
Inner Eastern Carpathians (subprovince)[]
Vihorlat-Gutin Area[]
- SK: Vihorlatsko-gutínska oblasť, UA: Вигорлат-Гутинський хребет
- Vihorlat Mountains (SK: Vihorlatské vrchy) + Vyhorliat (UA: Вигорлат) → (B3a1)
- (UA: Маковиця) → (B3a2)
- (UA: Великий Діл) → (B3a3)
- (UA: Тупий) → (B3a4)
- Oaș Mountains (RO: Munții Oașului, UA: Оаш гори) and Oaș Lowland (RO: Depresiunea Oașului) MMB → (B3a5)
- Gutin Mountains (RO: Munții Gutâiului, UA: Гутинський масив) MMB → (B3a6)
- Țibleș Mountains (RO: Munții Țibleșului) MMB → (B3a7)
[]
- (RO: Depresiunea Maramureșului, UA: Мармароська улоговина) MMB → (B3e1)
- Maramureș Mountains (RO: Munții Maramureșului, UA: Мармароський масив) MMB → (B3e2)
- Rodna Mountains (RO: Munții Rodnei, UA: Родна гори) MMB → (B3e3)
Bistrița Mountains (RO)[]
- RO: Munții Bistriței
- Bistrița Mountains (Munții Bistriței) sensu stricto, i.e. (Masivul Pietrosul; literally: Rocky Massif) + (Masivul Budacul) + Ceahlău Massif (Masivul Ceahlău), the latter being considered a separate range sometimes, MMT
- Mestecăniș Ridge (Obcina Mestecăniș) MMB
- (Depresiunea Dornei) MMB
- (Munții Giumalău-Rarău) MMB
- (Munții Giurgeului) MMT
- Hășmaș Mountains (Munții Hășmașu Mare) MMT
Căliman-Harghita Mountains (RO)[]
- RO: Munții Căliman-Harghita
- Bârgău Mountains (Munții Bârgăului) MMT
- Călimani Mountains (Munții Călimani) MMT
- Ciuc Mountains (Munții Ciucului) MMT
- Gurghiu Mountains (Munții Gurghiului) MMT
- Harghita Mountains (Munții Harghita) MMT
- Baraolt Mountains (Munții Baraolt) MMT
- Perșani Mountains (Munții Perșani) MMT
Giurgeu-Brașov Depression (RO)[]
- RO: Depresiunea Giurgeu-Brașovului
- (Depresiunea Giurgeului) MMT
- (Depresiunea Ciucului) MMT
- (Depresiunea Brașovului) MC
- Piatra Mare Mountains MC
- Postăvarul Massif MC
Southern Carpathians (RO) (province)[]
Bucegi Mountains Group[]
- RO: Grupa Munții Bucegi
- Bucegi Mountains (Munții Bucegi)
- Leaotă Mountains (Munții Leaotă)
- Rucăr-Bran Pass (Culoarul Rucăr-Bran)
Făgăraș Mountains group[]
- RO: Grupa Munții Făgărașului
- Făgăraș Mountains (Munții Făgărașului)
- Iezer Mountains (Munții Iezer; literally:Mountains of the Deep Lake)
- Piatra Craiului (literally: Rock of the King)
- (Munții Cozia)
- (Depresiunea Loviștei)
Parâng Mountains group[]
- RO: Grupa Munții Parângului
- Parâng Mountains (Munții Parângului)
- Șureanu Mountains (Munții Șureanu/M. Sebeșului)
- Cindrel Mountains (Munții Cindrel/M. Cibinului)
- Lotru Mountains (Munții Lotrului; literally: Mountains of the Thief)
- (Munții Căpățânii; literally: Mountains of the Skull)
- (Depresiunea Petroșani)
Retezat-Godeanu Mountains group[]
- RO: Grupa Munții Retezat-Godeanu
- Retezat Mountains (Munții Retezat; literally: Hewed Mountains)
- Godeanu Mountains (Munții Godeanu)
- Vâlcan Mountains (Munții Vâlcanului)
- Mehedinți Mountains (Munții Mehendinți)
- (Munții Cernei)
- Țarcu Mountains (Munții Țarcu; literally: Pen Mountains)
Western Romanian Carpathians (RO)[]
- RO: Carpații Occidentali or Carpații Apuseni or Carpații de Apus. The term Bihor Massif is sometimes used for the Apuseni Mountains and Poiana Ruscă.
Apuseni Mountains (Munții Apuseni)[]
(Munții Criș) :
- (Dealurile Crișene), incl. (Depresiunea Beiuș), (Depresiunea Vad)
- Pădurea Craiului Mountains (literally:Forest of the King)
- Codru-Moma Mountains (Munții Codru-Moma)
(Munții Seș-Meseșului):
- Meseș Mountains (Munții Meseșului)
- (Muntele Seș)
- (Depresiunea Șimleu), often considered part of the Transylvanian Basin-Podișul Someșan
- Șimleu Mountains (Munții Șimleu), often considered part of the Transylvanian Basin-Podișul Someșan
Bihor Massif (Masivul Bihor):
- Bihor Mountains (Munții Bihorului)
- (Muntele Mare)
- Gilău Mountains (Munții Gilăului)
(Munții Mureșului):
- (Munții Zarandului)
- Metalliferous Mountains (Munții Metaliferi), incl. Trascău Mountains (Munții Trascăului)
Poiana Ruscă Mountains[]
- RO: Munții Poiana Ruscă
(Note: sometimes considered part of the Southern Carpathians)
- Poiana Ruscă (literally: Ruscă Meadows)
- (Podișul Lipovei)
- (Culoarul Bega-Timiș)
- (Culoarul Orăștiei), incl. (Depresiunea Hațegului)
Banat Mountains[]
- RO: Munții Banatului
(Note: sometimes considered part of the Southern Carpathians)
- Banat Mountains (Munții Banatului) sensu stricto, i.e. (Munții Semenic), (Munții Locvei), (Munții Aninei) and (Munții Dognecei)
- (Munții Almăjului)
- Timiș-Cerna Gap (Culoarul Timiș-Cerna), incl. (Depresiunea Almăj)
- (Dealurile Carașului)
Transylvanian Plateau (RO)[]
- RO: Depresiunea Transilvaniei, i.e. Transylvanian Depression. Some authors do not consider it to be part of the Carpathians.
- (Depresiunea Mureș-Turda)
- (Depresiunea Sibiului)
- (Depresiunea Făgărașului)
Transylvanian Plateau (Podișul Transilvaniei):
- (Podișul Târnavelor), incl. (Podișul Hârtibaciului) and (Podișul Secașelor)
- Transylvanian Plain (Câmpia Transilvaniei), or Transylvanian Plateau (Podișul Transivan(iei)) sensu stricto
- (Podișul Someșan or Podișul Someșelor)
Serbian Carpathians (RS)[]
- Serbian: Karpatske planine, i.e. "Carpathian Mountains". Sometimes considered part of the Southern Carpathians (together with the Banat Mountains), sometimes not considered part of the Carpathians at all.
- Miroč
- Homolje mountains (Homoljske planine)
- Veliki Krš
- Mali Krš
- Deli Jovan
- Beljanica (Beljanica planina)
- Kučaj (Kučajske planine)
- Rtanj (Rtanj planina)
- Ozren
- Devica
Outer Subcarpathian regions (subprovince)[]
The Outer Subcarpathian regions are divided into Western, Northern, etc. and are usually treated as part of the individual parts of the Carpathian Mountains, i.e. of Western Carpathians, Eastern Carpathians, etc. Since, however, it was impossible to find their exact subdivision, they are given only as a list of the final units (mountains, etc.) from the west to the east and south here:
- (DE: Weinviertler Hügelland; CZ: Weinviertelská pahorkatina; PL: Pogórze Weinviertel) + Dyje-Svratka Valley (DE: Thaya-Schwarza-Talsenke; CZ: Dyjsko-svratecký úval) → A1.1
- Vyškov Gate (CZ: Vyškovská brána) → A1.2
- (CZ: Hornomoravský úval) → A1.3
- Moravian Gate (CZ: Moravská brána) → A1.4
- Ostrava Basin (CZ: Ostravská pánev, PL: Kotlina Ostrawska) → A1.5
- Oświęcim Basin (PL: Kotlina Oświęcimska) → A1.6
- Kraków Gate (PL: Brama Krakowska) → A1.7
- Sandomierz Basin (PL: Kotlina Sandomierska) + (PL: Płaskowyż Sańsko-Dniestrzański; UA: Сянсько-Дністровська рівнина) → B1.1
- (UA: Верхньодністровська улоговина) → B1.2
- (PL: Wysoczyzna Drohobycka; UA: Дрогобицька височина) → B1.3
- (UA: Придністровська рівнина) → B1.4
- (UA: Покутська височина) → B1.5
- (UA: Буковинське Прикарпаття; RO: Podișul Bucovinei) + Suceava Plateau (RO: Podișul Sucevei) → B1.6
- (RO: Culoarul Moldova-Siret) → B1.7
- Moldavian Subcarpathians (RO: Subcarpații Moldovei) → B1.8
- (RO: Subcarpații Munteniei) → B1.9
- (RO: Subcarpații Getici) + (RO: Podișul Getic) → C1.1
Footnotes[]
- ^ Földvary, G. Z., ed. (1988). Geology of the Carpathian Region, pp. 106, 108, 109, 172, 554, etc., World Scientific Publishing, Singapore. ISBN 9971-50-344-1.
- ^ The Tatransko-fatranská oblasť and the Podhôrno-magurská oblasť, sometimes together with the units Vtáčnik, Kremnické vrchy, Pohronský Inovec and parts of Považské podolie, are known as "Central Western Carpathians" in some non-geomorphological systems.
- ^ Often considered part of Outer Western Carpathians in non-geomorphological systems.
Bibliography[]
- Kondracki, Jerzy. Karpaty. Ed.2 (updated). "Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne". Warsaw, 1989. (ISBN 83-02-04067-3) (in Polish)
- Vladár,J. (editor). Encyklopédia Slovenska. Vol.4, letters T-Ž. "Veda". Bratislava, 1982. p. 497 (in Slovak)
- Plašienka,D. Origin and growth of the Western Carpathian orogenetic wedge during the mesozoic. Geologica Carpathica Special Issues, 53, Proceedings of XVII. Congress of Carpathian-Balkan Geological Association Bratislava, September 1–4, 2002
- Mazúr, E., Lukniš M., Geomorphological division of SSR and ČSSR. Slovakian part. "Slovenská kartografia." Bratislava, 1986
- Rohlík, Jiří. Moravo-Silesian Beskids, Collection of tourist maps 1:50 000. "TRASA, s.r.o.". Prague, 2001. (ISBN 80-85999-29-3). (in Czech)
- Ludvík, Marcel. Beskids, Travel guide of ČSSR. "Olympia". Prague, 1987. (27-031-87). (in Czech)
- Földvary, Gábor Z. (1988). Geology of the Carpathian Region. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Company. ISBN 9789813103825.
- Tasenkevich, Lydia (2009). "Polonynas: Highlands Pastures in the Ukrainian Carpathians". Grasslands in Europe: Of High Nature Value. Zeist: KNNV Publishing. pp. 203–208. ISBN 9789004278103.
External links[]
- Information on Beskids (Western and Eastern Carpathians) (in English and Polish)
- Information on Beskids (mostly a travel guide) (in Czech)
- The geography of Romania (in Romanian)
- Romanian Carpathians Mountaineering Forum (in Romanian)
- Geography of Moldavian Region (in Romanian)
- "White Carpathians" (in English and Czech)
- Pictures (a travel guide) (in English, Czech, and Ukrainian)
- Pictures of the Eastern Carpathians (in Polish)
- Carpathians of Ukraine (in Ukrainian)
- Encyclopedia of Ukraine: Polonynian Beskyd
- Carpathian Mountains: Division (map)
- Carpathians
- Mountain ranges of the Carpathians
- Mountain ranges of the Czech Republic
- Mountain ranges of Poland
- Mountain ranges of Romania
- Mountain ranges of Serbia
- Mountain ranges of Slovakia
- Mountain ranges of Ukraine
- Geology of the Carpathians