Elysia (gastropod)

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Elysia
Elysia ornata 003.jpg
A live individual of Elysia ornata, head end towards the left
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Superorder: Sacoglossa
Superfamily: Plakobranchoidea
Family: Plakobranchidae
Genus: Elysia
Risso, 1818
Type species
Notarchus timidus
Risso, 1818
Species

See text

Synonyms[1]
  • Actaeon Rang, 1829 (Not available from Oken, 1815)
  • Aplysiopterus Delle Chiaje, 1830
  • Checholysia Ortea, Caballer, Moro & Espinosa, 2005
  • Elysia (Elysia) Risso, 1818
  • Elysia (Elysiopterus) Pruvot-Fol, 1946 (unavailable name: no type species designated)
  • Elysia (Tridachia)
  • Elysiella Verrill, 1872 (Invalid: junior homonym of Elysiella Bergh, 1871)
  • Elysiella Bergh, 1871
  • Elysiobranchus Pruvot-Fol, 1930
  • Hydropsyche Kelaart, 1858 (Invalid: junior homonym of Hydropsyche Pictet, 1834 [Trichoptera])
  • Pattyclaya Ev. Marcus, 1982
  • Pterogasteron Pease, 1860
  • Rhyzobranchus Cantraine, 1835 (Unavailable name: established in synonymy of Elysia)
  • Thallepus Swainson, 1840
  • Thridachia P. Fischer, 1883 (Unjustified emendation of Tridachia)
  • Tridachia Deshayes, 1857
  • Tridachiella MacFarland, 1924

Elysia is a genus of sea slugs, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Plakobranchidae. These animals are colorful sea slugs, and they can superficially resemble nudibranchs, but are not very closely related to them. Instead they are sacoglossans, commonly known as sap-sucking slugs.[1]

Elysia sea slugs graze on algae and some species such as E. viridis and E. chlorotica hijack the chloroplasts for themselves. The chloroplasts end up lining the slug’s digestive tract, enabling the slugs to survive solely by photosynthesis for several months at a time. This association is crucial for the development and maturing of the slug. Exactly how the slugs use the chloroplasts is unclear, as many of the proteins used by chloroplasts are encoded in the genome of the host cell. These proteins, numbering in the hundreds, are manufactured in the cell’s nucleus, and then moved into the chloroplast, enabling it to survive.[2]

Young specimens of and E. marginata became known for their ability to regenerate the whole body from a severed head. This autotomy expels internal parasites.[3]

This genus was previously sometimes considered to be in the family Stiligeridae, and was also previously placed in the family Elysiidae.

Species[]

Species in the genus Elysia include:[1][4]

  • Elysia abei Baba, 1955
  • Elysia amakusana Baba, 1955
  • Ortea, 2017
  • Ortea, Caballer, Moro & Espinosa, 2005
  • Mehrotra, Caballer, C.M. Scott, Arnold, Monchanin & Chavanich, 2020
  • Wagele, Stemmer, Burghardt & Handeler, 2010[5]
  • Baba, 1955[6]
  • Elysia australis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1832)
  • Pruvot-Fol, 1946
  • Elysia bangtawaensis Swennen, 1997
  • (Pease, 1860)
  • Swennen, 2011
  • Thompson, 1973
  • (K. R. Jensen & Wells, 1990)
  • Krug, Vendetti & Valdés, 2016
  • Er. Marcus, 1955
  • Elysia catulus (Gould, 1870)
  • Er. Marcus, 1957
  • Ortea, 2017
  • Eliot, 1916
  • '' Er. Marcus, 1955 (nomen dubium)
  • Elysia chlorotica Gould, 1870 - eastern emerald elysia, emerald elysia
  • Krug, Vendetti & Valdés, 2016
  • Elysia clarki Pierce, Curtis, Massey, Bass, Karl & Finney, 2006
  • (Angas, 1864)
  • Nuttall, 1989
  • Elysia crispata Mørch, 1863 - lettuce slug
  • Ortea, Caballer, Moro & Espinosa, 2005
  • Ostergaard, 1955
  • Ortea, 2017
  • Elysia diomedea (Bergh, 1894)
  • Ortea, Espinosa & Caballer, 2013
  • Ortea & Bacallado, 2014
  • Ortea & Esponosa, 2002
  • Marcus, 1957
  • (O'Donoghue, 1924)
  • Jensen & Wells, 1990
  • Verrill, 1901
  • Ichikawa, 1993
  • Jensen, 1990
  • Ortea, 2018
  • Burn, 1958
  • Elysia gordanae Thompson & Jaklin, 1988
  • Elysia grandifolia Kelaart, E.F. (1858)
  • Bergh, 1872
  • Bergh, 1905
  • Baba, 1957
  • Er. Marcus, 1961
  • Eliot, 1899
  • Perrone, 1990
  • Baba, 1955
  • Eliot, 1913
  • Ortea, Moro & Bacallado, 2017
  • Ortea, Moro, Caballer & Espinosa, 2011
  • Baba, 1957
  • Caballer, Ortea & Espinosa, 2013
  • Jensen, 1990
  • Elysia lobata Gould, 1852
  • Marcus, 1982
  • Ortea & Moro, 2009
  • Elysia maoria Powell, 1937
  • (Marcus, 1972) - synonym: Bosellia marcusi Marcus, 1972[7]
  • Fez, 1962[6]
  • Elysia marginata Pease, 1871
  • (Pruvot-Fol, 1930)
  • Ichikawa, 1993
  • Ostergaard, 1955
  • Baba, 1957
  • (Pease, 1871)
  • Thompson, 1977
  • Elysia obtusa Baba, 1938
  • Mørch, 1859
  • Ortea, Moro, Caballer & Espinosa, 2011
  • Elysia ornata (Swainson, 1840) - ornate elysia
  • A. E. Verrill, 1901 - papillose elysia
  • Munian & Ortea, 1997
  • Ev. Marcus, 1980
  • Krug, Vendetti & Valdés, 2016
  • Risbec, 1928
  • Ortea & Espinosa, 1996
  • Kelaart, 1857
  • Thompson, 1977
  • Elysia pusilla Bergh, 1872 - synonym: Elysiella pusilla
  • Martín-Hervas, Carmona, Jensen, Licchelli, Vitale & Cervera, 2020
  • Elysia rufescens (Pease, 1871)
  • Ortea, 2017
  • Ortea, Moro, Caballer & Espinosa, 2011 (nomen dubium)
  • Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1967 (nomen dubium)
  • Elysia serca Er. Marcus, 1955 - Caribbean seagrass elysia, seagrass elysia
  • Hamatani, 1968
  • Swennen, 1997
  • Swennen, 2011
  • Er. Marcus & Ev. Marcus, 1966
  • (Jensen, 1997)
  • Elysia subornata A. E. Verrill, 1901
  • Baba, 1955
  • Jensen, 1993
  • Elysia timida Risso, 1818
  • Baba, 1957
  • Elysia tomentosa Jensen, 1997
  • Pruvot-Fol, 1957
  • Heller & Thompson, 1983
  • Elysia trisinuata Baba, 1949
  • Ev. Marcus and Er. Marcus, 1967
  • Jensen, 1985
  • Elysia viridis (Montagu, 1804) - plant-sucking slug
  • Marcus & Marcus, 1970
  • Baba, 1936
  • Ortea & Espinosa, 2002
Species brought into synonymy
  • Elysia arena Carlson & Hoff, 1978: synonym of (Carlson & Hoff, 1978)
  • Elysia bedeckta MacFarland, 1966: synonym of Elysia hedgpethi Er. Marcus, 1961
  • Elysia cauze scops Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1967: synonym of Elysia scops Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1967
  • Elysia gracilis Risbec, 1928: synonym of Thuridilla gracilis (Risbec, 1928)
  • Elysia halimedae Macnae, 1954: synonym of Elysia pusilla (Bergh, 1871)
  • Elysia picta A. E. Verrill, 1901: synonym of (A. E. Verrill, 1901)
  • Elysia pruvotfolae Er. Marcus, 1957: synonym of Elysia crispata Mørch, 1863
  • Elysia schrammi Mörch, 1863: synonym of Elysia crispata Mørch, 1863
  • Elysia splendida Grube, 1861: synonym of Thuridilla hopei (Vérany, 1853)
  • Elysia thysanopoda Bergh, 1905: synonym of (Bergh, 1905)
  • Elysia vataae Risbec, 1928: synonym of Thuridilla vataae (Risbec, 1928)
  • Elysia verrilli Pruvot-Fol, 1946: synonym of Elysia crispata Mørch, 1863
Taxa inquirenda:
  • Elysia fezi Vilella, 1968
  • Elysia pruvotae Risbec, 1953

References[]

  1. ^ a b c Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2010). Elysia Risso, 1818. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=137928 on 2010-12-14
  2. ^ BBC News item
  3. ^ Baker, Harry (2021-03-08). "This sea slug can chop off its head and grow an entire new body, twice". Live Science. Retrieved 2021-03-09.
  4. ^ "Elysia". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
  5. ^ Wägele, Heike; Stemmer, Kristina; Burghardt, Ingo; Händeler, Katharina (2010). "Two new sacoglossan sea slug species (Opisthobranchia, Gastropoda): Ercolania annelyleorum sp. nov. (Limapontioidea) and Elysia asbecki sp. nov. (Plakobranchoidea), with notes on anatomy, histology and biology". Zootaxa. 2676 (1): 1–28. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2676.1.1.
  6. ^ a b Mitoh, Sayaka; Yusa, Yoichi (2021). "Extreme autotomy and whole-body regeneration in photosynthetic sea slugs". Current Biology. 31 (5): R233–R234. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.01.014. See also:
  7. ^ Händeler, Katharina; Grzymbowski, Yvonne P; Krug, Patrick J; Wägele, Heike (2009). "Functional chloroplasts in metazoan cells – a unique evolutionary strategy in animal life". Frontiers in Zoology. 6 (1): 28. doi:10.1186/1742-9994-6-28. PMID 19951407.

Further reading[]

External links[]

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