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English Wikipedia

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English Wikipedia
85%
Screenshot
Type of site
Internet encyclopedia
OwnerWikimedia Foundation
Created byJimmy Wales, Larry Sanger[1]
URLen.wikipedia.org
CommercialNo
RegistrationOptional, but required for certain tasks including
  •  editing of protected pages 
  •  non-talk page creation (autoconfirmed for articles) 
  •  file upload (autoconfirmed) 
  •  page moving (autoconfirmed) 
Users42,126,178 users, 1,086 administrators as of 31 August 2021
Launched15 January 2001; 20 years ago (2001-01-15)
Content license
Creative Commons Attribution/
Share-Alike 3.0 (most text also dual-licensed under GFDL)
Media licensing varies

The English Wikipedia is the English-language edition of the free online encyclopedia Wikipedia. It was founded on 15 January 2001 as Wikipedia's first edition and, as of June 2021, has the most articles of any edition, at 6,367,692.[2] As of August 2021, 11% of articles in all Wikipedias belong to the English-language edition. This share has gradually declined from more than 50 percent in 2003, due to the growth of Wikipedias in other languages.[3][4] The edition's one-billionth edit was made on 13 January 2021.[5] The English Wikipedia has received praise for its enablement of democratization of knowledge and extent of coverage.[6]

The Simple English Wikipedia (simplewiki) is a variation in which most articles use only basic English vocabulary. There is also the Old English (Ænglisc/Anglo-Saxon) Wikipedia (angwiki), as well as a test "incubator" version for the Middle English Wikipedia (emmwiki).

Pioneering edition

See also: Wikipedia:Milestones

The English Wikipedia was the first Wikipedia edition and has remained the largest. It has pioneered many ideas as conventions, policies or features which were later adopted by Wikipedia editions in some of the other languages. These ideas include "featured articles",[7] the neutral-point-of-view policy,[8] navigation templates,[9] the sorting of short "stub" articles into sub-categories,[10] dispute resolution mechanisms such as mediation and arbitration,[11] and weekly collaborations.[12]

The English Wikipedia has adopted features from Wikipedias in other languages. These features include verified revisions from the German Wikipedia and town population-lookup templates from the Dutch Wikipedia.

Although the English Wikipedia stores images and audio files, as well as text files, many of the images have been moved to Wikimedia Commons with the same name, as passed-through files. However, the English Wikipedia also has fair-use images and audio/video files (with copyright restrictions), most of which are not allowed on Commons.

Many of the most active participants in the Wikimedia Foundation, and the developers of the MediaWiki software that powers Wikipedia, are English-speaking users.

Size

Steven Pruitt, as of August 2021, has made more edits on the English Wikipedia than any other editor

The English Wikipedia surpassed six million articles on 23 January 2020.[13] In August 2020, the total volume of the compressed texts of the English Wikipedia's articles amounted to 18.6 gigabytes.[14]

The edition's one-billionth edit was made on 13 January 2021 by Ser Amantio di Nicolao (Steven Pruitt), who is the user with the highest number of edits on the English Wikipedia, at over four million.[5]

English Wikipedia statistics
Number of user accounts Number of articles Number of files Number of administrators
42,126,178 6,367,692 893,818 1,086

Wikipedians

The English Wikipedia reached 4,000,000 registered user accounts on 1 April 2007,[15] just a little over a year since the millionth Wikipedian registered an account in late February 2006.[16]

Over 1,100,000 editors have edited Wikipedia more than 10 times.[17] Over 30,000 editors perform more than 5 edits per month, and a little over 3,000 perform more than 100 edits per month.[18] By 24 November 2011, a total of 500 million edits had been performed on the English Wikipedia.[citation needed]

As the largest Wikipedia edition, and because English is such a widely used language, the English Wikipedia draws many users and editors whose native language is not English. Such users may seek information from the English Wikipedia rather than the Wikipedia of their native language because the English Wikipedia tends to contain more information about general subjects. Often bringing in new perspectives, a strong motivation to contribute for them is to increase the coverage of topics outside the English world for an international audience and to enrich existing topics with missing information from non-English countries, thereby helping to reduce systemic bias. Successful collaborations have been developed between non-native English speakers who successfully add content to the English Wikipedia and native English speakers who act as copyeditors for them.[citation needed]

English Wikipedia editor numbers

Number of editors on the English Wikipedia over time.

On March 1, 2014, The Economist, in an article titled "The Future of Wikipedia", cited a trend analysis concerning data published by the Wikimedia Foundation stating that "[t]he number of editors for the English-language version has fallen by a third in seven years."[19] The attrition rate for active editors in English Wikipedia was cited by The Economist as substantially in contrast to statistics for Wikipedia in other languages (non-English Wikipedia). The Economist reported that the number of contributors with an average of five or more edits per month was relatively constant since 2008 for Wikipedia in other languages at approximately 42,000 editors within narrow seasonal variances of about 2,000 editors up or down. The number of active editors in English Wikipedia, by sharp comparison, was cited as peaking in 2007 at approximately 50,000 and dropping to 30,000 by the start of 2014.

Should this attrition have continued unabated at the quoted trend rate of approximately 20,000 editors lost within seven years, by 2021 there would be only 10,000 active editors on English Wikipedia.[19] In contrast, the trend analysis published in The Economist presents Wikipedia in other languages (non-English Wikipedia) as successful in retaining their active editors on a renewable and sustained basis, with their numbers remaining relatively constant at approximately 42,000.[19] No comment was made concerning which of the differentiated edit policy standards from Wikipedia in other languages (non-English Wikipedia) would provide a possible alternative to English Wikipedia for effectively ameliorating substantial editor attrition rates on the English-language Wikipedia.[20]

Arbitration committee

Main article: Arbitration Committee

The English Wikipedia has an arbitration committee (also known as ArbCom) that consists of a panel of editors that imposes binding rulings with regard to disputes between other editors of the online encyclopedia.[21] The committee was created by Jimmy Wales on 4 December 2003 as an extension of the decision-making power he had formerly held as owner of the site.[22][23]

When initially founded, the committee consisted of 12 arbitrators divided into three groups of four members each.[22][24] Since then, the committee has gradually expanded its membership to 18 arbitrators.[25][failed verification]

As with other aspects of the English Wikipedia, some of Wikipedia's sister projects have emulated the arbitration committee with their own similar versions.[26] For instance, in 2007, an arbitration committee was founded on the German Wikipedia called the  [de].[27]

Controversies

Main article: Criticism of Wikipedia
See also: Wikipedia Seigenthaler biography incident and Essjay controversy

English varieties

One controversy in the English Wikipedia concerns which national variety of the English language is to be preferred, with the most commonly advocated candidates being American English and British English.[28] Perennial suggestions range from standardizing upon a single form of English to forking the English Wikipedia project. A style guideline states, "the English Wikipedia has no general preference for a major national variety of the language" and "an article on a topic that has strong ties to a particular English-speaking nation uses the appropriate variety of English for that nation".[29] An article should use spelling and grammar variants consistently; for example, color and colour are not to be used in the same article, since they represent American and British English, respectively. The guide also states that an article must remain in its original national variant.

There has been a similar issue in the Chinese-language Wikipedia concerning regional differences in writing. Efforts toward a language fork for Portuguese Wikipedia have failed, but those regarding Norwegian Wikipedia succeeded.

Andrew Lih wrote that the English Wikipedia "didn't have the chance to go through a debate over whether there should be a British English Wikipedia or an American English Wikipedia" because the English Wikipedia was the original edition.[30][clarification needed] Editors agreed to use U.S. spellings for primarily American topics and British spellings for primarily British topics. In 2009 Lih wrote, "No doubt, American spellings tend to dominate by default just because of sheer numbers."[31]

Disputed articles

A 2013 study from Oxford University concluded that the most disputed articles on the English Wikipedia tended to be broader issues, while on other language Wikipedias the most disputed articles tended to be regional issues; this is due to the English language's status as a global lingua franca, which means that many who edit the English Wikipedia have English as their second language. The study stated that the most disputed entries on the English Wikipedia were: George W. Bush, anarchism, Muhammad, list of WWE personnel, global warming, circumcision, United States, Jesus, race and intelligence, and Christianity.[32]

Threats against high schools

Several incidents of threats of violence against high schools on Wikipedia have been reported in the mainstream press.[33][34][35] The Glen A. Wilson High School was the subject of such a threat in 2008,[33][34][35] and a 14-year-old was arrested for making a threat against Niles West High School on Wikipedia in 2006.[36]

Wikiprojects, and assessments of articles' importance and quality

Main article: WikiProject

A "WikiProject" is a group of contributors who want to work together as a team to improve Wikipedia. These groups often focus on a specific topic area (for example, women's history), a specific location or a specific kind of task (for example, checking newly created pages). The English Wikipedia currently has over 2,000 WikiProjects and activity varies.[37]

In 2007, in preparation for producing a print version, the English Wikipedia introduced an assessment scale of the quality of articles.[38] Articles are rated by WikiProjects. The range of quality classes begins with "Stub" (very short pages), followed by "Start", "C" and "B" (in increasing order of quality). Community peer review is needed for the article to enter one of the highest quality classes: either "good article", "A" or the highest, "featured article". Of the about 4.4 million articles and lists assessed as of March 2015, a little more than 5,000 (0.12%) are featured articles, and fewer than 2,000 (0.04%) are featured lists. One featured article per day, as selected by editors, appears on the main page of Wikipedia.[39][40]

The articles can also be rated for "importance" as judged by a WikiProject. Currently, there are five importance categories: "low", "mid", "high", "top", and "???" for unclassified/uncertain level. For a particular article, different WikiProjects may assign different importance levels.

The Wikipedia Version 1.0 Editorial Team has developed a table (shown below) that displays data of all rated articles by quality and importance, on the English Wikipedia. If an article or list receives different ratings by two or more WikiProjects, then the highest rating is used in the table, pie-charts, and bar-chart. The software regularly auto-updates the data.

Researcher Giacomo Poderi found that articles tend to reach featured status via the intensive work of a few editors.[41] A 2010 study found unevenness in quality among featured articles and concluded that the community process is ineffective in assessing the quality of articles.[42]

Quality-wise distribution of over 5.5 million articles and lists on the English Wikipedia, as of 29 January 2017[43]

  Featured articles (0.11%)
  Featured lists (0.04%)
  A class (0.03%)
  Good articles (0.50%)
  B class (2.00%)
  C class (4.32%)
  Start class (26.41%)
  Stub class (53.01%)
  Lists (3.65%)
  Unassessed (9.94%)

Importance-wise distribution of over 5.5 million articles and lists on the English Wikipedia, as of 29 January 2017[43]

  Top (0.91%)
  High (3.20%)
  Medium (12.21%)
  Low (51.68%)
  ??? (32.00%)
All rated articles by quality and importance
Quality Importance
Top High Mid Low ??? Total
Featured article FA 1,391 2,220 2,153 1,525 167 7,456
Featured list FL 165 604 667 620 107 2,163
A-Class article A 298 614 743 492 89 2,236
GA 2,732 6,311 12,669 15,393 1,691 38,796
B 14,457 27,980 44,840 45,521 17,328 150,126
C 14,297 44,480 107,439 195,971 69,022 431,209
Start 18,714 87,820 375,537 1,230,704 379,566 2,092,341
Stub 4,441 32,426 276,129 2,497,107 857,642 3,667,745
List 4,297 14,897 45,350 144,939 77,274 286,757
Assessed 60,792 217,352 865,527 4,132,272 1,402,886 6,678,829
Unassessed 116 502 1,676 15,935 421,806 440,035
Total 60,908 217,854 867,203 4,148,207 1,824,692 7,118,864
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
3,000,000
Top
High
Medium
Low
???
  •   Featured articles
  •   Featured lists
  •   A-class articles
  •   Good articles
  •   B-class articles
  •   C-class articles
  •   Start-class articles
  •   Stub articles
  •   Lists
  •   Unassessed articles and lists

Graphics

  • Percentages of articles written in various language families. In March 2013, 16.76% of articles were in English.

  • The countries in which the English Wikipedia is the most popular language version of Wikipedia are shown in red.

  • Top 25 contributor countries to the English Wikipedia. Dark green: Native English speaking countries; light green: countries with English as a foreign language.[44]

  • In April 2009, the Wikimedia Foundation conducted a usability study on the English Wikipedia, questioning users about the editing mechanism.[45]

  • Video marking English Wikipedia's milestone of five million articles on 1 November 2015

  • Page views by country over time on the English Wikipedia

Internal news publications

See also: The Signpost

Community-produced news publications include The Signpost.[47] The Signpost (previously known as The Wikipedia Signpost[48]) is the English Wikipedia's newspaper.[47][49][50] It is managed by the Wikipedia community and is published online weekly.[47][51] Each edition contains stories and articles related to the Wikipedia community.[52][53] A wide range of editors contribute articles and other pieces.[47] Some of the editors make minor changes in the existing contributions.

The publication was founded in January 2005 by Wikipedia administrator and later Chair of the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees, Michael Snow.[47][48][54] Originally titled The Wikipedia Signpost, it was later shortened to simply The Signpost.[48][55] The newspaper reports on Wikipedia events including Arbitration Committee rulings,[56] Wikimedia Foundation issues,[57] and other Wikipedia-related projects.[58] Snow continued to contribute as a writer to The Signpost until his appointment to the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation in February 2008.[59]

Investigative journalism by The Signpost in 2015 on changes to freedom of panorama copyright restrictions in Europe was covered by publications in multiple languages including German,[60] Italian,[61] Polish,[62] and Russian.[63] Wikipedia users Gamaliel and Go Phightins! became editors-in-chief of The Signpost in January 2015; prior editor-in-chief The ed17 noted that during his tenure the publication expanded its scope by including more reporting on the wider Wikimedia movement and English Wikipedia itself.[64] In a letter to readers upon the newspaper's tenth anniversary, the new co-editors-in-chief stressed the importance of maintaining independence from the Wikimedia Foundation in their reporting.[65]

The Signpost has been the subject of academic analysis in publications including Sociological Forum,[66] the social movements journal Interface,[67] and New Review of Academic Librarianship;[68] and was consulted for data on Wikipedia by researchers from Los Alamos National Laboratory and Dartmouth College.[69] It has garnered generally positive reception from media publications including The New York Times,[70] The Register,[71] Nonprofit Quarterly,[72] and Heise Online.[73] John Broughton's 2008 book Wikipedia: The Missing Manual called The Signpost "essential reading for ambitious new Wikipedia editors".[74]

Other past and present community news publications include the "WikiWorld" web comic, the Wikipedia Weekly podcast, and newsletters of specific WikiProjects like The Bugle from WikiProject Military History and the monthly newsletter from The Guild of Copy Editors. There are also a number of publications from the Wikimedia Foundation and multilingual publications such as the Wikimedia Blog and This Month in Education.

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ There is controversy over who founded Wikipedia. Wales considers himself to be the sole founder of Wikipedia and has told the Boston Globe that "it's preposterous" to call Sanger the co-founder.[citation needed] However, Sanger strongly contests that description. He was identified as a co-founder of Wikipedia as early as September 2001 and referred to himself as being founder as early as January 2002.[citation needed]* Sidener, Jonathan (6 December 2004). "Everyone's Encyclopedia". San Diego Union Tribune. Archived from the original on 14 January 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2006.* Meyers, Peter (20 September 2001). "Fact-Driven? Collegial? This Site Wants You". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 October 2006.* Sanger, Larry. "What Wikipedia is and why it matters". Retrieved 12 April 2006.
  2. ^ The number of articles on the English Wikipedia is shown by the MediaWiki variable {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}, with all Wikipedias as total {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}} = 57,116,448.
  3. ^ About 10 percent more than the next in rank, the Cebuano Wikipedia. See m:List of Wikipedias.
  4. ^ Wikimedia Meta-Wiki (21 September 2008). "List of Wikipedias". Retrieved 21 September 2008.
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b "The English Language Wikipedia Just Had Its Billionth Edit". Vice. 15 January 2021. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
  6. ^ "Encyclopedias and Dictionaries". Encyclopædia Britannica. 18 (15th ed.). 2007. pp. 257–286.
  7. ^ English Wikipedia (30 January 2007). . Retrieved 30 January 2007.
  8. ^ English Wikipedia (25 January 2007). . Retrieved 30 January 2007.
  9. ^ Wikimedia Meta-Wiki (29 January 2007). "Help:Template". Retrieved 30 January 2007.
  10. ^ English Wikipedia (19 January 2007). . Retrieved 30 January 2007.
  11. ^ English Wikipedia (27 January 2007). . Retrieved 30 January 2007.
  12. ^ English Wikipedia (30 January 2007). . Retrieved 30 January 2007.
  13. ^ "Wikipedia:Six million articles". Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  14. ^ See size of downloads at Wikipedia:Database download and a list of historical sizes here
  15. ^ Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2007-04-02/News and notes. Retrieved 20 April 2007
  16. ^ Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2006-02-27/News and notes. Retrieved 20 April 2007
  17. ^ "Wikipedia Statistics – Tables – English". Stats.wikimedia.org. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
  18. ^ "Wikipedia Statistics – Tables – English". Stats.wikimedia.org. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
  19. ^ Jump up to: a b c "The future of Wikipedia: WikiPeaks?". The Economist. 1 March 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
  20. ^ Andrew Lih. Wikipedia. Alternative edit policies at Wikipedia in other languages.
  21. ^ Schiff, Stacy (2 December 2006). "Know-alls". The Age. Australia: Fairfax Digital Network. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
  22. ^ Jump up to: a b Wales, Jimmy (4 December 2003). "WikiEN-l Wikiquette committee appointments". Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved 9 June 2009.
  23. ^ Hoffman, David A.; Salil Mehra (2010). "Wikitruth Through Wikiorder". Emory Law Journal. 59 (2010). SSRN 1354424.
  24. ^ Hyatt, Josh (1 June 2006). "Secrets of Greatness: Great Teams". Fortune. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
  25. ^ Wales, Jimmy (20 December 2008). . Wikipedia. Retrieved 14 June 2009.
  26. ^ Wikidata (1 April 2015). "Wikipedia sitelinks for Arbitration Committee". Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  27. ^ Kleinz, Torsten (30 April 2007). "Wikipedia sucht Schiedsrichter" [Wikipedia is looking for referees] (in German). heise online. Retrieved 9 June 2009.
  28. ^ English Wikipedia. "Wikipedia:Manual of Style (spelling)". Retrieved 25 February 2006.
  29. ^ English Wikipedia. "Wikipedia:Manual of Style". Retrieved 10 October 2007.
  30. ^ Lih, p. 135.
  31. ^ Lih, p. 136.
  32. ^ Gross, Doug. "Wiki wars: The 10 most controversial Wikipedia pages." CNN. 24 July 2013. Retrieved on 26 July 2013. "Wiki wars: The 10 most controversial Wikipedia pages". CNN. Archived from the original on 12 April 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2013.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  33. ^ Jump up to: a b Hennessy-Fiske, Molly (29 April 2008). "Wikipedia threats went unchecked – Los Angeles Times". Los Angeles Times.
  34. ^ Jump up to: a b "Hacienda Heights school receives possible threat". abc7.com. Abclocal.go.com. 18 April 2008. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
  35. ^ Jump up to: a b "Student arrested for violent threats on Wikipedia". Los Angeles Times. 29 April 2008. Retrieved 19 January 2012.
  36. ^ "Teen charged after threat to school on Wikipedia". Bloomington, IL: Pantagraph.com. Associated Press. 31 October 2006. Retrieved 26 January 2011.
  37. ^ "Wikipedia: Wikiprojects". Retrieved 16 March 2015.
  38. ^ "Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Assessment". Retrieved 28 October 2007.
  39. ^ "Comparing featured article groups and revision patterns correlations in Wikipedia". First Monday. Archived from the original on 6 May 2012. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
  40. ^ Fernanda B. Viégas; Martin Wattenberg; Matthew M. McKeon (22 July 2007). "The Hidden Order of Wikipedia" (PDF). Visual Communication Lab, IBM Research. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 October 2007. Retrieved 30 October 2007. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  41. ^ Poderi, Giacomo, Wikipedia and the Featured Articles: How a Technological System Can Produce Best Quality Articles, Master thesis, University of Maastricht, October 2008.
  42. ^ Lindsey, David (5 April 2010). "Evaluating quality control of Wikipedia's featured articles". First Monday. 15 (4). Archived from the original on 24 November 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
  43. ^ Jump up to: a b Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Statistics – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  44. ^ Zachte, Erik (14 November 2011). "Wikimedia Traffic Analysis Report – Page Edits Per Wikipedia Language – Breakdown". Wikimedia Statistics. Retrieved 19 January 2011.
  45. ^ "Usability and Experience Study". Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved 19 January 2012.
  46. ^ "Wikimedia Traffic Analysis Report – Page Edits Per Wikipedia Language – Breakdown". Stats.wikimedia.org. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
  47. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Phoebe Ayers; Charles Matthews; Ben Yates (2008). How Wikipedia Works: And how You Can be a Part of it. No Starch Press. pp. 345–. ISBN 978-1-59327-176-3.
  48. ^ Jump up to: a b c Cohen, Noam (5 March 2007). "A Contributor to Wikipedia Has His Fictional Side". The New York Times. p. C5. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
  49. ^ Koebler, Jason (16 February 2016). "The Secret Search Engine Tearing Wikipedia Apart". Vice.
  50. ^ Geoffroy, Romain (16 January 2014). "Une employée de Wikipédia débarquée pour avoir monnayé ses articles" [Wikipedia employee disembarks for minting her articles]. Les Inrockuptibles (in French).
  51. ^ Dobusch, Leonhard (12 January 2014). "Interview mit Dirk Franke über "Grenzen der Bezahlung" in der Wikipedia" [Interview with Dirk Franke about "Limits of Payment" in Wikipedia]. Netzpolitik.org (in German).
  52. ^ Rosen, Rebecca (6 February 2013). "If You Want Your Wikipedia Page to Get a TON of Traffic, Die While Performing at the Super Bowl Half-Time Show". The Atlantic. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
  53. ^ Dariusz Jemielniak (2014). Common Knowledge?: An Ethnography of Wikipedia. Stanford University Press. pp. 231–. ISBN 978-0804797238.
  54. ^ McCarthy, Caroline (18 July 2008). "Wikimedia Foundation edits its board of trustees". CNET.
  55. ^ Okoli, Chitu; Mehdi, Mohamad; Mesgari, Mostafa; Nielsen, Finn Årup; Lanamäki, Arto (24 October 2012). "The people's encyclopedia under the gaze of the sages: A systematic review of scholarly research on Wikipedia". doi:10.2139/ssrn.2021326. SSRN 2021326. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  56. ^ Oz, Ayelet (1 September 2014). "The Legal Consciousness of Wikipedia". Harvard Law School. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2572381. SSRN 2572381. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  57. ^ Sotirios Paroutis; Loizos Heracleous; Duncan Angwin (1 February 2013). Practicing Strategy: Text and Cases. SAGE Publications. pp. 237–. ISBN 978-1-4462-9047-7.
  58. ^ Waters, John K. (2010). The Everything Guide to Social Media. Adams Media. pp. 180, 270. ISBN 978-1440506314.
  59. ^ Ral315 (18 February 2008). . The Wikipedia Signpost. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
  60. ^ Diener, Andrea (27 June 2015). "Geben Sie Panoramafreiheit, Sire!" [Give freedom of panorama, sire!]. FAZ – Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (in German). Archived from the original on 29 June 2015. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
  61. ^ "Libertà di Panorama: a rischio in Europa con una riforma del copyright" [Freedom of Panorama: at risk in Europe with a copyright reform]. Blogo: Informazione libera e indipendente (in Italian). 22 June 2015. Archived from the original on 23 June 2015. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
  62. ^ "Chcesz robić zdjęcia znanych budowli Europy? Spiesz się. To mogą być ostatnie tygodnie" [Do you want to take photos of famous European buildings? Rush. These may be the last weeks]. Gazeta Wyborcza (in Polish). 24 June 2015. ISSN 0860-908X. Archived from the original on 27 June 2015. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
  63. ^ "ТРЕВОГА! Свободная съемка на улицах Европы – под угрозой" [ANXIETY! Free shooting on the streets of Europe - at risk] (in Russian). 23 June 2015. Archived from the original on 27 June 2015. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
  64. ^ The ed17 (21 January 2015). "From the editor: Introducing your new editors-in-chief". The Signpost. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
  65. ^ Go Phightins! and Gamaliel (28 January 2015). . The Signpost. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
  66. ^ Konieczny, Piotr (March 2009). "Governance, Organization, and Democracy on the Internet: The Iron Law and the Evolution of Wikipedia" (PDF). Sociological Forum. 24 (1): 162–192. doi:10.1111/j.1573-7861.2008.01090.x. JSTOR 40210340.
  67. ^ Konieczny, Piotr. "Wikipedia: community or social movement?" (PDF). Interface: A Journal for and About Social Movements. 1 (2): 212–232. ISSN 2009-2431. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 June 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
  68. ^ Bayliss, Gemma (January 2013). "Exploring the Cautionary Attitude Toward Wikipedia in Higher Education: Implications for Higher Education Institutions". New Review of Academic Librarianship. 19 (1): 39. doi:10.1080/13614533.2012.740439. ISSN 1361-4533. S2CID 61150982.
  69. ^ Yan, Guanhua; Arackaparambil, Chrisil (2011). "Wiki-watchdog: Anomaly detection in Wikipedia through a distributional lens". Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conferences on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology – Volume 01. IEEE Computer Society Washington. pp. 257–264. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.721.2953. doi:10.1109/WI-IAT.2011.86. ISBN 978-0-7695-4513-4. S2CID 11693510. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
  70. ^ Dee, Jonathan (1 July 2007). "All the News That's Fit to Print Out". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
  71. ^ Orlowski, Andrew (12 January 2016). "Wikimedia Foundation bins community-elected trustee". The Register.
  72. ^ McCambridge, Ruth (16 February 2016). "Knight Foundation Grant Request Tears at Wikipedia's Community". Nonprofit Quarterly.
  73. ^ Kleinz, Torsten (27 February 2016). "Kommentar: Wie geht es weiter mit der Wikimedia Foundation?" [Comment: What's next with the Wikimedia Foundation?]. Heise Online (in German).
  74. ^ John Broughton (25 January 2008). Wikipedia: The Missing Manual: The Missing Manual. "O'Reilly Media, Inc.". pp. 454–. ISBN 978-0-596-55377-7.

References

External links

Retrieved from ""