Ernestine Lambriquet

Ernestine de Lambriquet (Marie-Philippine Lambriquet, 31 July 1778 – 31 December 1813) was the adopted/foster daughter of King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette of France.

Biography[]

Playmate of the Princess[]

She was born at Versailles as the daughter of Jacques Lambriquet and Marie-Philippine Noiret. Her father began his career at court as a servant to the Comte de Provence. Her mother was a chambermaid at the Palace of Versailles. She was said to have a physical resemblance to Louis XVI and to his daughter Marie Thérèse of France and because of this, she has sometimes been suspected to be the illegitimate daughter of the king.^[1] She was the second eldest of her parent's four children, although she was the only one of her siblings to be adopted after their deaths.

When she was a small child, she was chosen by the queen to be the playmate and daily companion of Princess Marie Thérèse, and spend her days with Marie Thérèse from their early childhood onward, although she returned home to her biological family at night.^[1]

Adopted daughter[]

Marie Thérèse of France with Ernestine Lambriquet at Petit Trianon (ca. 1789)

Having been an intimate of the royal family for years, she was formally adopted by the royal couple on 9 November 1788, after the death of her mother, and awarded a pension of 12,000 livres by the king.^[1]

She slept in the same room as Marie Thérèse, dressed the same way, ate the same food, was educated with her by the royal governesses and treated the same way materially.^[1] However the adoption was purely a private matter, and Ernestine was not given the rank of royal princess or treated as a royal princess in formal court etiquette. She was known at court simply as "the girl who was always in the company of Marie Thérèse".^[1]

Lambriquet was not the only adopted child of the royal couple, who adopted three other children: "Armand" Francois-Michel Gagné (c. 1771-1792), a poor orphan adopted along with his three older siblings in 1776; Jean Amilcar (c. 1781-1793), a Senegalese slave boy given to the queen as a present by Chevalier de Boufflers in 1787, whom she freed, and placed in a pension; and "Zoe" Jeanne Louise Victoire (born in 1787), who was adopted in 1790 along with her two older sisters after the death of her parents, an usher and his wife in service of the king.^[2] Among the eight adopted children, however, only three (Ernestine, Armand and Zoe) actually lived with the royal family: the rest simply lived on the queen's expense until her imprisonment, which proved fatal for Amilcar, as he was evicted from the boarding school and starved to death on the street.^[2] Armand lived at court until he left at the outbreak of the revolution because of his republican sympathies, and Zoe was chosen to be the playmate of the Dauphin, just as Ernestine had once been selected as the playmate of Marie-Therese, and sent away to her sisters in a convent boarding school before the Flight to Varennes in 1791.^[2]

During the French Revolution, Ernestine accompanied the royal family from Versailles to the Tuileries in Paris in 1789. Her biological father and her two biological siblings also accompanied the royal court to Paris, but she lived with the royal family. In 1790, she took her confirmation together with her foster sister Marie Thérèse.

During the Flight to Varennes in June 1791, she was sent to her father in the country. She was returned after the royal family was brought back to Paris.

On the 10 August 1792, Marie Antoinette ordered the royal sub-governess Renée Suzanne de Soucy to bring Ernestine to safety.^[1] Passing the Carousel square in front to the palace, de Soucy left Lambriquet to fetch a coach. When she was away, a rebel mistook Ernestine for Marie-Therese and threw the corpse of a member of the Swiss Guard in front of her feet, but a shop-keeper defended her, also believing she was Marie-Therese.^[1]

During the reign of Maximilien Robespierre, she was taken care of by the family of de Soucy's father, the Mackau family.^[1] Her biological father Jacques Lambriquet was arrested in March and executed in 9 July 1794 for his connection to Louis XVI.

In 2 September 1796, Ernestine Lambriquet was released from legal guardianship and declared competent to manage her own affairs.

Marriage and death[]

Ernestine Lambriquet, under the name of Marie Philippine Lambriquet, married a widower called Jean-Charles-Germain Prempain, a proprietor in Paris on 7 December 1810.

She died on 30 December 1813, in Saint Denis Arrondissement, Paris, aged 35. The death certificate records her parents as Jacques Lambriquet and Marie Philippine Noirot. She had no children.

Switch theory[]

A theory claims that Marie-Thérèse of France, daughter of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, swapped identities with her adoptive sister, Ernestine Lambriquet, when she was released from the Temple.^[1]

When Marie Thérèse was released from Temple in 1795 and allowed to depart for Austria, Renée Suzanne de Soucy was chosen to accompany her on her journey to the border in Huningue after her mother Marie Angélique de Mackau, who had been the first choice of Marie-Therese, was forced to decline because of health.^[1] Marie-Therese, who travelled under the name Sophie, sat in the carriage with de Soucy and the guards Mechin (posing as the father of Sophie) and Gomin; the male servants Hue and Baron, the cook Meunier, as well as the maid Catherine de Varenne and a teenage boy called Pierre de Soucy followed them in the next carriage.^[1] According to the switch theory of the Dunkelgrafen, Renée Suzanne de Soucy assisted Marie-Therese in changing place with Ernestine de Lambriquet during the trip to Austria in 1795–96.^[1]

Among the eight people accompanying Marie-Therese during her trip through France in 1795, the maid Catherine de Varenne and the teenage boy Pierre de Soucy is mentioned in the passports but are otherwise impossible to identify.^[1] Pierre de Soucy is stated in the passport to be the son of Renée Suzanne de Soucy, but she had no son by that name.^[1] According to the Switch theory, Pierre de Soucy (or possibly Catherine de Varenne) was in fact Ernestine de Lambriquet, who switched place with Marie-Therese during the journey with the assistance of Renée Suzanne de Soucy, after which Ernestine de Lambriquet continued to Austria posing as Marie-Therese while Marie-Therese herself settled in Germany as the Dunkelgrafen.^[1]

The Austrian emperor had in fact requested for Ernestine de Lambriquet be allowed to accompany Marie-Therese to Austria, but Minister Benezch had given the reply that Ernestine de Lambriquet could not be located.^[1] In reality, however, there would not have been any trouble to locate Ernestine de Lambriquet, as she had lived under the protection of Renée Suzanne de Soucy and the Mackau family since the storming of the Tuileries.^[1] The alternative suggestion is that "Pierre de Soucy" was in fact one of the daughters of Renée Suzanne de Soucy, dressed as a boy to make the travel group less identifiable, as Marie-Therese was estimated to have been exposed to threats not only from anti-royalists but also from agents sent by foreign powers to kidnap her during her journey to the border.^[1]

Theories as to why Marie-Thérèse made the switch abound; she is speculated to have been raped and gotten pregnant or to have suffered trauma and wanted to disappear.^[1]

According to the theory, she became the 'Dark Countess', who resided at Hildburghausen in Thuringia, Germany. The Dark Countess, called Sophia Botta by the Count she was living with, went out in public with a veil only over her face or in a carriage. She died at Hildburghausen on 28 November 1837 and was buried quickly and discreetly. Her companion, Leonardus Cornelius Van Der Valck (called the Dark Count) lived there until his death on 8 April 1845.

DNA evidence[]

DNA analysis conducted in 2013^[3] has disproved the conjecture that the Dark Countess was the true Princess Marie-Thérèse Charlotte of France.

The remains of the Dark Countess were exhumed, and bone fragments were analyzed at independent laboratories in Innsbruck, Austria and Freiburg, Germany. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genome was sequenced. MtDNA is solely maternally inherited (mother to child) and there are numerous copies of the mtDNA genome in each human cell, making this DNA type useful for the analysis of ancient tissue samples.

Maternal genealogical lines showing relationship between Marie Therese Charlotte (daughter of Marie Antoinette) and Alexander, Prince of Saxe-Gessaphe

Princess Marie Thérèse (the presumed identity of the Dark Countess) and the living reference, Alexander, Prince of Saxe-Gessaphe, a maternal descendant of Marie Antoinette’s sister, Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria, were compared. Although separated by six generations, the maternal inheritance of mtDNA means that there is no recombination at each generation; hence it remains the same. If the Dark Countess was truly Marie-Thérèse, the bone fragments would have had the same mtDNA profile as Alexander (whose maternal line crosses with Marie Antoinette’s mother, Maria Theresa of Austria).

However, the analysis indicated that was not the case. The mtDNA profile from the Dark Countess differed significantly from Prince Alexander. Furthermore, the mtDNA of Marie Thérèse’s brother (Louis-Charles) determined in a previous study^[4] matched that of Prince Alexander, as expected, but differed from the Dark Countess.

References[]

• Nagel, Susan. Marie-Thérèse: The Fate of Marie Antoinette's Daughter. Bloomsbury, 2009.
• Carolin Philipps: Die Dunkelgräfin. Das Geheimnis um die Tochter Marie Antoinettes. Piper Verlag, München 2012, ISBN 978-3-49295426-6.
• Kirsten Klein: Tochter von Frankreich. Das Geheimnis der Dunkelgräfin. neobooks Self-Publishing, 2014, ISBN 978-3-84769026-9.

Literature[]

• Korte, Michiel B.L. Ernestine. Self-Published (2022) ISBN 979-8-41397620-3