Ex opere operato

Ex opere operato is a Latin phrase meaning "from the work performed" and, in reference to sacraments, signifies that they derive their efficacy, not from the minister or recipient (which would mean that they derive it ex opere operantis, meaning "from the agent's activity"), but from the sacrament considered independently of the merits of the minister or the recipient. According to the ex opere operato interpretation of the sacraments, any positive effect comes not from their worthiness or faith but from the sacrament as an instrument of God.^[1]^[2] "Affirming the ex opere operato efficacy means being sure of God's sovereign and gratuitous intervention in the sacraments."^[3] For example, in confirmation the Holy Spirit is bestowed not through the attitude of the bishop and of the person being confirmed but freely by God through the instrumentality of the sacrament. In order to receive sacraments fruitfully, it is believed necessary for the recipient to have faith.^[4] It is in those who receive them with the required dispositions that they bear fruit.^[5]

In antiquity[]

In antiquity, the idea led to a schism among the Donatist Christians.^[6] The Donatists held that "one of the three bishops who had consecrated Caecilian^[7] was a traditor", and therefore Caecilian's consecration was invalid.^[6] Furthermore, they held "that the validity of such an act depended on the worthiness of the bishop performing it" and Caecilian and his followers "responded that the validity of the sacraments and of other such acts cannot be made to depend on the worthiness of the one administering them, for in that case all Christians would be in constant doubt regarding the validity of their own baptism or of the Communion of which they had partaken."^[6]

In the Catholic Church[]

According to the teaching of the Catholic Church, to receive the fruits of the sacraments requires that a person be properly disposed. This means the efficacy of grace via the sacraments is not automatic. There must be, at least in the case of an adult, an openness to use the sufficient grace which is available in a sacrament. When the recipient is properly disposed, "the sacraments are instrumental causes of grace."^[8]

This principle holds that the efficacy of the sacrament is a result not of the holiness of a priest or minister, but rather of Christ himself who is the author (directly or indirectly) of each sacrament. The priest or minister acts in persona Christi (in the person of Christ), even if in a state of mortal sin. Although such a sacrament would be valid, and the grace efficacious, it is nonetheless sinful for any priest to celebrate a sacrament while himself in a state of mortal sin.

The principle of ex opere operato affirms that while a proper disposition (openness) is necessary to exercise the efficacious grace in the sacraments, it is not the cause of the sufficient grace. Catholic Christians believe that what God offers in the sacraments is a gift, freely bestowed out of God’s own love. A person's disposition, as good as it may be, cannot merit supernatural grace or divine life, which remains a gift of God.

Sacramentals[]

The teaching of the church regarding the sacramentals is that their efficacy comes ex opere operantis Ecclesiae (i.e., from what the doer, the Church, does), not ex opere operato (from what is done):^[9] i.e., as the Second Vatican Council said, "they signify effects, particularly of a spiritual kind, which are obtained through the Church's intercession".^[10] They "do not confer the grace of the Holy Spirit in the way that the sacraments do, but by the church's prayer they prepare us to receive grace and dispose us to cooperate with it".^[11] Sacramentals dispose the soul to receive grace^[12] and may remit venial sins when used prayerfully.^[13]

In the Anglican Communion[]

In the Anglican Communion, the principle of ex opere operato is made conditional upon worthy reception. Article XXVI of the Thirty-Nine Articles (Of the unworthiness of ministers which hinders not the effect of the Sacrament) states that the ministration of the Word (scripture) and sacraments is not done in the name of the priest or minister and that the efficacy of Christ's sacraments is not taken away, nor God’s grace diminished by the sinfulness of clergy. This is because sacraments have their efficacy due to Christ’s promise to his church.

References[]

^ Merriam-Webster Dictionary
^ Feingold, Lawrence (2018). "Five". The Eucharist: Mystery of Presence, Sacrifice, and Communion. Emmaus Academic. ISBN 9781945125744.
^ Scampini, Jorge A. (688). "The Sacraments in Ecumenical Dialogue". In Boersma, Hans; Levering, Matthew (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Sacramental Theology. Oxford University Press. p. 688. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199659067.013.41.
^ Fahey, Michael A. (2009). "Sacraments". In Tanner, Kathryn; Webster, John; Torrance, Iain (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Systematic Theology. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
^ Elizabeth M. Dowling, W. George Scarlett, Encyclopedia of Religious and Spiritual Development (SAGE 2006), p. 391, cf. Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1131
^ ^a ^b ^c Gonzalez, Justo L. (10 August 2010). The Story of Christianity: Volume 1: The Early Church to the Dawn of the Reformation. HarperCollins. p. 175. ISBN 9780061855887. According to the Donatists, one of the three bishops who had consecrated Caecilian was a traditor--that is, had delivered scriptures to the authorities--and therefore the consecration itself was not valid. Caecilian and his party responded by claiming, first, that the bishop was not a traditor and, second, that even had he been one, his action in consecrating Caecilian would still have been valid. Thus, besides the factual question of whether or not this particular bishop--and others in communion with Caecilian--had yielded, there was the additional issue of whether an ordination or consecration performed by an unworthy bishop was valid. The Donatists declared that the validity of such an act depended on the worthiness of the bishop performing it. Caecilian and his followers responded that the validity of the sacraments and of other such acts cannot be made to depend on the worthiness of the one administering them, for in that case all Christians would be in constant doubt regarding the validity of their own baptism or of the communion of which they had partaken.
^ bishop of Carthage in 311 AD.
^ "Dictionary : EX OPERE OPERATO". Catholic Culture. Retrieved 2016-01-31.
^ Chupungco, Anscar J. (1992). Liturgical Inculturation: Sacramentals, Religiosity, and Catechesis. Liturgical Press. ISBN 978-0-8146-6120-8.
^ "Sacrosanctum concilium". www.vatican.va. Retrieved 2020-03-03.
^ "Catechism of the Catholic Church - Sacramentals". www.vatican.va. Retrieved 2020-03-03.
^ Catechism of the Catholic Church 1667, 1670, 1677.
^ "Sisters of Carmel: Information on Sacramentals". www.sistersofcarmel.com. Retrieved 2016-01-22.

[1] Merriam-Webster Dictionary

[2] Feingold, Lawrence (2018). "Five". The Eucharist: Mystery of Presence, Sacrifice, and Communion. Emmaus Academic. ISBN 9781945125744.

[3] Scampini, Jorge A. (688). "The Sacraments in Ecumenical Dialogue". In Boersma, Hans; Levering, Matthew (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Sacramental Theology. Oxford University Press. p. 688. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199659067.013.41.

[4] Fahey, Michael A. (2009). "Sacraments". In Tanner, Kathryn; Webster, John; Torrance, Iain (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Systematic Theology. Retrieved 10 December 2015.

[5] Elizabeth M. Dowling, W. George Scarlett, Encyclopedia of Religious and Spiritual Development (SAGE 2006), p. 391, cf. Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1131

[Gonzalez2010-6] Gonzalez, Justo L. (10 August 2010). The Story of Christianity: Volume 1: The Early Church to the Dawn of the Reformation. HarperCollins. p. 175. ISBN 9780061855887. According to the Donatists, one of the three bishops who had consecrated Caecilian was a traditor--that is, had delivered scriptures to the authorities--and therefore the consecration itself was not valid. Caecilian and his party responded by claiming, first, that the bishop was not a traditor and, second, that even had he been one, his action in consecrating Caecilian would still have been valid. Thus, besides the factual question of whether or not this particular bishop--and others in communion with Caecilian--had yielded, there was the additional issue of whether an ordination or consecration performed by an unworthy bishop was valid. The Donatists declared that the validity of such an act depended on the worthiness of the bishop performing it. Caecilian and his followers responded that the validity of the sacraments and of other such acts cannot be made to depend on the worthiness of the one administering them, for in that case all Christians would be in constant doubt regarding the validity of their own baptism or of the communion of which they had partaken.

[7] shop of Carthage in 311 AD.

[8] "Dictionary : EX OPERE OPERATO". Catholic Culture. Retrieved 2016-01-31.

[9] Chupungco, Anscar J. (1992). Liturgical Inculturation: Sacramentals, Religiosity, and Catechesis. Liturgical Press. ISBN 978-0-8146-6120-8.

[10] "Sacrosanctum concilium". www.vatican.va. Retrieved 2020-03-03.

[11] "Catechism of the Catholic Church - Sacramentals". www.vatican.va. Retrieved 2020-03-03.

[12] Catechism of the Catholic Church 1667, 1670, 1677.

[13] "Sisters of Carmel: Information on Sacramentals". www.sistersofcarmel.com. Retrieved 2016-01-22.

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