Faisal bin Turki Al Saud (1785–1865)

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Faisal bin Turki Al Saud
Emir of Nejd
Reign1834–1838 (first time)
1843–1865 (second time)
PredecessorMishari bin Abdul Rahman bin Mishari
Abdallah bin Thunayyan bin Ibrahim
SuccessorKhalid bin Saud bin Abdulaziz
Abdullah bin Faisal bin Turki
Born1785
DiedDecember 1865 (aged 79–80)
Riyadh, Emirate of Nejd
Issue
  • Abdullah
  • Saud
  • Muhammad
  • Abdul Rahman
Names
Faisal bin Turki bin Abdullah bin Muhammad
DynastyHouse of Saud
FatherTurki bin Abdullah bin Muhammad

Faisal bin Turki Al Saud (Arabic: فيصل بن تركي بن عبد الله آل سعود Fayṣal ibn Turkī Āl Suʿūd; 1785–December 1865) was the second ruler of the Second Saudi State and seventh head of the House of Saud.

Early life[]

Faisal was the son of Imam Turki bin Abdullah.[1] He was one of the members of the Al Saud family who was taken to Cairo following the capture of Diriyah by Ibrahim Pasha, son of Muhammad Ali, in May 1819.[1] Faisal returned to Riyadh in 1827-1828.[1][2]

In 1830 Faisal was sent on military operations to Al Hasa in the east.[3] But his father was assassinated by Mishari bin Abdul Rahman, a distant cousin in 1834.[4] Faisal hurried back to Riyadh to deal with the revolt.[5] His troops stormed the castle and killed Mishari. Emir of Jabal Shammar, Abdullah bin Rashid, helped Faisal in this attack.[5] Those not directly involved in the murder were spared and the town pledged allegiance.

Reign[]

Imam Faisal first ruled the Second Saudi State from 1834 to 1838.[4] Then he was forced into exile in Cairo by the Ottomans due to his rejection of paying tribute to the Egyptian forces in Hejaz.[6]

Faisal continued to oppose the Ottoman forces, however, and the Egyptian governor of Arabia, Khurshid Pasha, supported a rival candidate - Khalid bin Saud.[7] Khalid was a member of the senior line of the Saud family.[3] Faisal was forced to flee the city and take refuge with the al Khorayef princes of the tribes of Bani Tamim. In December 1838, he attempted to come to terms with Khurshid Pasha, but was forced to return to captivity a second time in Cairo.[3] He was accompanied by his younger brother Jiluwi, his sons, Abdullah and Muhammad, and his cousin, Abdullah bin Ibrahim bin Abdullah, a son of his uncle.[3] In 1843, he was released in Cairo and returned to Riyadh following the total withdrawal of the remaining Egyptian troops from Najd in 1841.[8]

Following his return to Riyadh he reclaimed the throne in 1843 and ruled until 1865.[9] He easily defeated Abdullah bin Thunayan, who had revolted against the ineffective Khalid and taken control. Faisal depended on a close alliance with the Al Rashid family of Ha'il.[10] Abdullah bin Rashid played a key role in his success,[10] and the two families were extensively intermarried. In return, Faisal appointed Abdullah as the Amir of Ha'il in 1835.[10] In his second term Faisal also established cordial relations with the Ottomans who appointed him governor of Najd.[11] In turn, Faisal recognised the supremacy of the Ottoman Empire in the region.[12]

Faisal formally requested the support of the British Political Resident in Bushire through his representative in Trucial Oman in 1848.[13] In 1851 he also demanded the assistance of the British Political Resident to collect zakat from Bahraini Muslims.[13] Following unsuccessful attempts to gain authority in Al Qassim Faisal appointed his younger brother Jiluwi governor to the region.[14] However, Jiluwi did not manage to obtain full loyalty of people there who revolted against him 1854.[14] During the 1850s Faisal unsuccessfully attempted to capture Oman and Bahrain.[15] His next target was the Trucial States which he attacked in the 1860s.[15] His both attempts were not productive, and the British forces militarily stopped his attacks.[15] In 1865 a colonel in the British army, Lewis Pelly, officially visited Faisal in Riyadh.[13]

Faisal's major income sources included zakat, import duties, pilgrim fees, one-fifth share from raids and warfare, fines, revenues from the ruler’s personal domains, and tributes paid by neighbouring countries such as Bahrain and Muscat.[16] He governed the Emirate with success until his death in December 1865.[17] However, around the end of his rule the de facto ruler of the Emirate was his heir and son, Abdullah,[12] and infighting among his four sons eventually destroyed the state.[17]

Personal life and death[]

Faisal bin Turki had four sons, Abdullah, Saud, Muhammad and Abdul Rahman.[4][18] Of them Abdullah and Muhammad were full brothers so were Saud and Abdul Rahman.[3] The mother of Abdullah and Muhammad was from the Al Saud whereas the mother of Saud and Abdul Rahman was from the Ajman tribe.[3] One of his daughters married Rashidi Emir, Abdullah bin Rashid.[7] Another, Tarfa, married Nasser Al Saud who was a great great grandson of Farhan bin Saud.[3]

Faisal became very frail and blind during the later years.[1][19] He died following a prolonged illness in Riyadh in December 1865 and was succeeded by his son Abdullah.[17][19][20]

References[]

  1. ^ a b c d R. Bayly Winder (1965). Saudi Arabia in the Nineteenth Century. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 67, 204. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-81723-8. ISBN 9780333055410.
  2. ^ William Sheakespear. "Captain". Qatar National Library. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Gary Samuel Samore (1984). Royal Family Politics in Saudi Arabia (1953-1982) (PhD thesis). Harvard University. pp. 22–25. ProQuest 303295482. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  4. ^ a b c Parvaiz Ahmad Khanday (2009). A Critical Analysis of the Religio-Political Conditions of Modern Saudi Arabia (PDF) (PhD thesis). Aligarh Muslim University. Retrieved 20 September 2020.
  5. ^ a b Bilal Ahmad Kutty (1993). Political and religious origins of Saudi Arabia (PDF) (MA thesis). Aligarh Muslim University. p. 71. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
  6. ^ Madawi Al Rasheed (2002). A History of Saudi Arabia (PDF). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 24. ISBN 9781139778886.
  7. ^ a b Christopher Keesee Mellon (May 2015). "Resiliency of the Saudi Monarchy: 1745-1975" (Master's Project). The American University of Beirut. Beirut. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
  8. ^ Donald Hawley (1970). The Trucial States. Allen & Unwin. p. 152. ISBN 9780049530058.
  9. ^ Turki bin Khalid bin Saad bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (2015). Saudi Arabia-Iran relations 1929-2013 (PDF) (PhD thesis). King's College London. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
  10. ^ a b c Ehab Omar (14 March 2018). "The Story of the Shammar Tribe, the Indigenous Inhabitants of the Region". Raseef. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  11. ^ Frederick Fallowfield Anscombe (1994). The Ottoman Gulf and the creation of Kuwayt, Sa'udi Arabia and Qatar, 1871-1914 (PhD thesis). Princeton University. p. 15. ProQuest 304117067. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  12. ^ a b Sungur Doğançay (2018). "British Role in the Wahhabi Revolt and its Impact on the Policy over Iraq". Turkish Studies. 3 (15): 200. doi:10.7827/TurkishStudies.13498. ISSN 1308-2140.
  13. ^ a b c Abdullah Mohammad Sindi. "The Direct Instruments of Western Control over the Arabs: The Shining Example of the House of Saud" (PDF). Social sciences and humanities. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
  14. ^ a b Mansour Alsharidah (July 2020). Merchants without Borders: Qusman Traders in the Arabian Gulf and Indian Ocean, c. 1850-1950 (PhD thesis). University of Arkansas, Fayetteville. p. 217. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
  15. ^ a b c John David Blom (March 2009). Oasis Departed: The Decline of Anglo-Saudi Relations (MA thesis). Ohio University. p. 10. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
  16. ^ Anthony B. Toth (2012). "Control and Allegiance at the Dawn of the Oil Age: Bedouin, Zakat and Struggles for Sovereignty in Arabia, 1916–1955". Middle East Critique. 21 (1): 62. doi:10.1080/19436149.2012.658667.
  17. ^ a b c Bilal Ahmad Kutty (1997). Saudi Arabia under King Faisal (PDF) (PhD thesis). Aligarh Muslim University. pp. 45–46, 49. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
  18. ^ Alois Musil (July 1928). "Religion and Politics in Arabia". Foreign Affairs. 6 (4). doi:10.2307/20028652. JSTOR 20028638.
  19. ^ a b Jacob Goldberg (1986). The Foreign Policy of Saudi Arabia. The Formative Years. Harvard University Press. p. 23. doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674281844.c1. ISBN 9780674281844.
  20. ^ M. J. Crawford (August 1982). "Civil War, Foreign Intervention, and the Question of Political Legitimacy: A Nineteenth-Century Saudi Qadi's Dilemma" (PDF). International Journal of Middle East Studies. 14 (3): 232. JSTOR 163672.

For further reading[]

Regnal titles
Preceded by Emir of Nejd
1834–1838 		Succeeded by
Khalid bin Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
Preceded by Emir of Nejd
1843–1865 		Succeeded by
Abdallah bin Faisal bin Turki
Preceded by
Turki bin Abdallah
 Head of the House of Saud
1834–1865 		Succeeded by
Abdul Rahman bin Faisal
Retrieved from ""