Ferae

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Ferae
Temporal range: 78.9–0 Ma early Late Cretaceous to present
Ferae.png
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Grandorder: Ferungulata
Mirorder: Ferae
Linnaeus, 1758[1]
Subgroups
Synonyms
list of synonyms:
  • Carnaria (Haeckel, 1866)
  • Carnassia (Haeckel, 1895)
  • Carnivora (Zagorodniuk, 2008)[2]
  • Carnivoramorpha (Kalandadze & Rautian, 1992)
  • Ferina (Newman, 1843)
  • Ostentoria (Amrine-Madsen, 2003)[3]
  • Rapacia (Newman, 1843)
  • Sarcotheria (Haeckel, 1895)

Ferae (/ˈfɪəriː/ FEER-ee, Latin: [ˈfɛrae̯], "wild beasts") is a mirorder of placental mammals that groups together clades and Pholidotamorpha. The Ferae is a sister group to the clade and together they make grandorder Ferungulata.

Classification and phylogeny[]

Traditional classification[]

Revised classification[]

Phylogeny of extant taxa[]

Position of pangolins[]

Pangolins were long thought to be the closest relatives of Xenarthra (armadillos, anteaters, and sloths), forming to the polyphyletic group Edentata. Research based on immunodiffusion technique[9] and comparison of protein and DNA sequences[10][11][12] revealed the close relationships between pangolins and carnivorans. Living pangolins and carnivorans also share a few unusual derived morphological and anatomical traits, such as the ossified tentorium cerebelli and the fusion of the scaphoid and lunate bones in the wrist.[13] The last common ancestor of extant Ferae is supposed to have diversified c. 78.9 million years ago.[14]

Sister groups to Ferae[]

According to recent studies (reflected in the diagram below), the closest living relatives of Ferae are members of mirorder Euungulata (group of mammals which includes order Perissodactyla and Artiodactyla).[15][16]

An alternate phylogeny holds that the closest relatives to the Ferae are the Perissodactyla and Chiroptera (bats), not Artiodactyla.[17] Ferae together with Perissodactyla has been called Zooamata. Ferae, Perissodactyla, and Chiroptera together has been called Pegasoferae. Subsequent molecular studies have generally failed to support the proposal.[18][19][20][21][22]

Phylogeny within mirorder Ferae[23][24][25][26][27]
 Boreoeutheria 
 

Euarchontoglires Bruno Liljefors - Hare studies 1885 white background.jpg

 
 Laurasiatheria 
 

Eulipotyphla Erinaceus europaeus - 1700-1880 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam -(white background).jpg

 
 Scrotifera 
 

Chiroptera Braunes Langohr (Plectus auritus).jpg

 
 Ferungulata 
 

Equus quagga (white background).jpg

 
 Ferae 
 

Pholidotamorpha Pangolin Hardwicke (white background).jpg

 
 

Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XI).jpg

 
 
 
 
 
 
The cladogram has been reconstructed from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA and protein characters, as well as the fossil record.

Fossil members[]

Position of Creodonta[]

While there has been strong support in the inclusion of order Creodonta into Ferae, they were usually recovered as sister taxon to Carnivora.[4] The Halliday et al. (2015) phylogenetic analysis of hundreds of morphological characters of Paleocene placentals found instead that creodonts might be the sister group to Pholidotamorpha (pangolins and their stem-relatives).[28] However, recent studies have show Creodonta is invalid polyphyletic clade. Members of this group are sister taxa to Carnivoramorpha (carnivorans and their stem-relatives), split in two groups: order Oxyaenodonta on one side and order Hyaenodonta plus its stem-relatives (Altacreodus and ) on the other.[29][6][7][8][30]

Phylogenetic position of "Creodonta" within Ferae.[29][6][7][8][30]
 Ferungulata 
 

Equus quagga (white background).jpg

 
 Ferae 
 Pholidotamorpha 
 

Pholidota (sensu stricto) Pangolin Hardwicke (white background).jpg

 
 

†Palaeanodonta Metacheiromys DB152-2.jpg

 
 (Pholidota [sensu lato]) 
  
†"Creodonta"
 
 †Oxyaenodonta 

†Oxyaenidae Patriofelis ferox by R. B. Horsfall (coloured).png

 
 
 
 †Hyaenodonta 
 
 

†Altacreodus

 
 

†

 
†Altacreodus/Tinerhodon clade
 
 

†Hyaenodonta (sensu stricto) Hyaenodon horridus by R. B. Horsfall (coloured).jpg

 
 sensu lato 
 Carnivoramorpha 
 †Viverravidae 
 

†Viverravoidea

 
 ? 

†

 
 ? 

†Carnivoramorpha sp. (UALVP 50993 & UALVP 50994)

 
 sensu lato 
 ? 

†Carnivoramorpha sp. (UALVP 31176)

 
 ? 

†Carnivoramorpha sp. (USNM 538395)

 
 ? 

†

 
 

Carnivoraformes Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XI).jpg

 
 (Carnivora [sensu lato]) 
 
 
 
 

Alternative classification and possible members[]

In Halliday et al. (2015) various enigmatic Palaeocene mammals have been proposed to be possible members to Ferae, like members of suboders Pantodonta and Taeniodonta, and families , Nyctitheriidae, , Palaeoryctidae, Pantolestidae, , Periptychidae, Triisodontidae and .[28] In addition various "hoofed mammals" like the mesonychians and arctocyonids (usually considered as a stem-artiodactyls[31]) also placed in this group. In addition, Mesonychians are placed as the sister group to carnivoramorphs, while arctocyonids are polyphyletic with Arctocyon and sister to pantodonts and periptychids, Goniacodon and Eoconodon sister to the Carnivoramorpha-Mesonychia clade, most other genera allied with creodonts and palaeoryctidans.[28] This enlarged Ferae was also found to be the sister group to Chiroptera,[28] even though recent studies despute this classification.[26][27]

Below is a phylogeny of the interrelationships within Ferae among the various extant and fossil groups after Halliday et al. (2015):[28]

 ... 
 

Chiroptera Flying fox at botanical gardens in Sydney (cropped and flipped).jpg

 
 Ferae 
 
 
 

Carnivoramorpha Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XI).jpg

 
 

†Mesonychia

 
 
 †Triisodontidae 
 

†Goniacodon

 
 

†Eoconodon

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

†

 
 

†Periptychidae

 
 
 

†Pantodonta Barylambda NT small.jpg

 
 
 †Arctocyonidae 
 

†Arctocyon

 
 

†

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

†Taeniodonta

 
 

†Escavadodontidae

 
 
 
 

†

 
 

†Nyctitheriidae

 
 
 
 
 

†Pantolestidae

 
 Pholidotamorpha 
 

†Palaeanodonta Metacheiromys DB152-2.jpg

 
 

Pholidota Pangolin Hardwicke (white background).jpg

 
 
 
 
 
 † 
 
 
 

†Chriacus

 
 

†

 
 
 
 

†

 
 

���

 
 
 
 

†

 
 
 
 

†Palaeoryctidae

 
 

†

 
 

†

 
 

†

 
 †Creodonta 
 

†Oxyaenidae Patriofelis ferox by R. B. Horsfall (coloured).png

 
 

†Hyaenodonta Hyaenodon horridus by R. B. Horsfall (coloured).jpg

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

See also[]

References[]

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