Flags of the Philippine Revolution

Flags introduced as part of the 'Evolution of the Philippine Flag' (1998)^[1][2]

During the Philippine Revolution, various flags were used by the Katipunan secret society and its various factions, and later, after the Katipunan's dissolution, the Philippine Army and its civil government.

Other flags were the personal battle standards of different military zone commanders operating around Manila.

Flags[]

Katipunan flags[]

Flag	Use	Description
	Organizational flag	With the establishment of the Katipunan, Andrés Bonifacio requested his wife, Gregoria de Jesús, to create a flag for the society. De Jesús devised a simple red flag bearing the society's acronym, KKK, in white and arranged horizontally at the center. It became the society's first flag. Some Katipunan members used other variations. One variation has the three Ks arranged in the form of a triangle. Some others used a red flag with only one K.
	Magdiwang faction flag	When the revolution heated up, the Magdiwang faction of the Katipunan, which operated in Cavite under Mariano Álvarez, adopted a flag consisting of a red banner with a white sun with the baybayin (the ancient Tagalog script) letter ka (for K) at the center.
	Magdalo faction flag	The Magdalo faction of the Katipunan, which also operated in Cavite under Baldomero Aguinaldo, used a flag similar to the Magdiwang faction's, featuring a white sun with a baybayin letter ka. The sun initially had an indefinite number of rays and was later standardized to eight rays, to represent the eight provinces that Spanish colonial authorities placed under martial law (Manila, Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Bulacan, Pampanga, Bataan, and Nueva Ecija). An eight-rayed sun was later used in the national flag of the Philippines.

Personal flags[]

Flag	Bearer	Description
	Andrés Bonifacio	As the Katipunan's Supremo, Andrés Bonifacio had a personal flag which depicts a white sun with an indefinite number of rays on a field of red. Below the sun are three white Ks arranged horizontally. This flag was first unveiled on August 23, 1896, during the Cry of Pugadlawin where the assembled Katipunan members tore their cedulas (community tax certificates) in defiance of Spanish authority. The flag was used later during the Battle of San Juan del Monte on August 30, 1896, the first major battle of the Philippine Revolution.
	Mariano Llanera	General Mariano Llanera who fought in the provinces of Bulacan, Tarlac, Pampanga, and Nueva Ecija used a black flag with a white skull and crossbones, resembling the Jolly Roger. Bonifacio referred to the design as Bungo ni Llanera or Llanera's Skull. There were at least two versions of the flag. The more well-known version had a white K on the left and the white skull and crossbones on the right. An earlier version had the white skull and crossbones on top with three white Ks on the bottom, akin to Bonifacio's flag.
	Pío del Pilar	General Pío del Pilar used a red banner which has a white equilateral triangle on the mast with a K at each corner. At the center of the triangle was a mountain with the sun rising behind it. The flag was called Bandila ng Matagumpay (Flag Of the Triumphants) and was first used on July 11, 1895. The flag was also one of the first to depict an eight-rayed sun.
	Gregorio del Pilar	General Gregorio del Pilar used a tricolor banner with a blue triangle at the mast and a red stripe at the top of the flag and a black stripe at the bottom. Del Pilar patterned his flag after that of Cuba's, which then was also revolting against Spain.

National flags[]

Flag	Country/Government	Description
	Republic of Biak-na-Bato	Considered as the first official of the Philippine republic. At the Naic Assembly of March 17, 1897, the Katipunan military leaders decided to adopt a flag with a new design. The new flag was red and depicted a white sun with eight rays and a face. This flag became the first official flag of the Filipinos. The flag was used for less than a year because the Filipino leaders signed a truce with Spanish authorities on December 14–15, 1897.[3]
	First Philippine Republic	Flag of the First Philippine Republic. It was formally unfurled during the proclamation of Philippine independence on June 12, 1898 by President Aguinaldo.

"Evolution of the Philippine Flag" set[]

As part of the Philippine Centennial celebration of 1998, a set of flag used by the Katipunan dubbed as the "Evolution of the Philippine" was unveiled. The name of the set erroneously suggest that the modern Flag of the Philippines was derived or "evolved" from the flags used by the Katipunan and all of the flags themselves were national flags. The Manila Historical Institute and the National Historical Institute insist that the flags in the set, excluding the modern Philippine flag, are "Flags of the Philippine Revolution". Historians also questioned the limited number of flags included in the set. It is pointed out that the "Evolution of the Philippine Flag" set only represents a small fraction of flags used by Katipunan battalions.^[1]

Modern usage[]

Modern "Magdalo" flag.

A flag reminiscent of the Katipunan flags of the past was used by a breakaway faction of army officers calling themselves Bagong Katipuneros,^[4] but labeled the Magdalo Group by the press. These officers mutinied against the government of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo at the behest of Senator Gregorio Honasan and once again led by Senator Antonio Trillanes IV (see Oakwood mutiny and Manila Peninsula mutiny).

References[]

• "The Evolution of the Philippine Flag." MSC's Philippine Centennial Celebration Website.
• "History of the Philippine Flag." National Commission for Culture and the Arts.
• "Philippines – Historical Flags." Flags of the World.