Flower chafer
Flower chafers | |
---|---|
Cetonia aurata, the green rose chafer | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Insecta |
Order: | Coleoptera |
Family: | Scarabaeidae |
Subfamily: | Cetoniinae Leach, 1815 |
Flower chafers are a group of scarab beetles, comprising the subfamily Cetoniinae. Many species are diurnal and visit flowers for pollen and nectar, or to browse on the petals. Some species also feed on fruit. The group is also called fruit and flower chafers, flower beetles and flower scarabs. There are around 4,000 species, many of them still undescribed.
Overview[]
By morphological characters, the adults can be separated from the other scarabs by the combination of the following characters: epipleuron easily recognizable, border lateral of elytra sinuate and antennal insertion visible from above. Twelve tribes are presently recognized: Cetoniini, Cremastocheilini, , , Gymnetini, , , , , Trichiini, Valgini, and .[1] The tribe Gymnetini is the biggest of the American tribes, and Goliathini contains the largest species, and is mainly found in the rainforest regions of Africa.
Biology[]
Many species in the tribe Cremastocheilini are known to be predaceous, feeding on hymenopteran larvae or soft-bodied nymphs of Auchenorrhyncha. spp. have been noted feeding on the nesting material and excrement of South African passerine birds,[2] while has been recorded feeding on Oxyrhachis sp. nymphs[3] and is known to feed on the brood of honey bees in South Africa and the pupae of the wasp Belonogaster petiolata. feeds on the larvae of in southern India.[4] feeds on ants of the genus Myrmecocystus.[5]
Systematics and taxonomy[]
The tribes of subfamily Cetoniinae, with some notable genera also listed, are:[6]
Tribus Cetoniini[]
Subtribus
- Aethiessa Burmeister, 1842
- Anatona Burmeister, 1842
- Kolbe, 1912
- Antoine, 1987
- Kraatz, 1898
- Distant, 1911
- Thomson, 1877
- Moser, 1916
- Fairmaire, 1884
- Cetonia Fabricius, 1775
- Legrand, 2004
- Chiloloba Burmeister, 1842
- Kraatz, 1880
- Kraatz, 1899
- Dischista Burmeister, 1842
- Kolbe, 1912
- Burmeister, 1842
- Lucas, 1859
- Preiss, 1902
- Gametis Burmeister, 1842
- Antoine, 2006
- Schoch, 1896
- Glycyphana Burmeister, 1842
- Arrow, 1910
- Mikšič, 1963
- Antoine, 1989
- Albers, 1852
- Antoine, 2002
- Schenkling, 1921
- Mikšič, 1968
- Thomson, 1880
- Ruter, 1953
- Kraatz, 1880
- Pachnoda Burmeister, 1842
- Alexis & Delpont, 2002
- Thomson, 1880
- Antoine, 1989
- Antoine, 1988
- Moser, 1907
- Kraatz, 1899
- Antoine, 2006
- Holm & Marais, 1989
- Kraatz, 1894
- Schoch, 1898
- Moser, 1915
- Moser, 1917
- Polybaphes Kirby, 1827
- Kraatz, 1882
- Protaetia Burmeister, 1842
- Thomson, 1859
- Mulsant & Rey, 1871
- Mikšič, 1968
- Kraatz, 1882
- Kraatz, 1882
- Mikšič, 1968
- Rhabdotis Burmeister, 1842
- Krikken, 1981
- Burmeister, 1842 (= "Rhixiphloea")
- Kraatz, 1886
- Lansberge, 1882
- Burmeister, 1842
- Wallace, 1868
- Kraatz, 1895
- Burmeister, 1842
- Reitter, 1898
- Moser, 1908
- Moser, 1916
- Tropinota Mulsant, 1842
- Xeloma Kraatz, 1881
Subtribus
- Euphoria Burmeister, 1842
- Chlorixanthe Bates, 1889
Subtribus
- Kraatz, 1882
- Schenkling, 1921
- Kolbe, 1895
- Antoine, 1989
- Cyrtothyrea Kolbe, 1895
- Burmeister, 1842
- Kraatz, 1895
- Antoine, 1989
- Kolbe, 1895
- Leucocelis Burmeister, 1842
- Kolbe, 1895
- Lansberge, 1882
- Antoine, 1997
- Kraatz, 1897
- Antoine, 1989
- Oxythyrea Mulsant, 1842
- Reiche, 1871
- Antoine, 1989
- Schaum, 1844
- Antoine, 1989
- Baraud, 1985
Tribus Cremastocheilini[]
Subtribus
- Schaum, 1848
- Krikken, 1976
Subtribus
- Rossi, 1958
- Péringuey, 1907
- Schein, 1957
- Schaum, 1841
- Rojkoff, 2010
Subtribus
- Krikken, 1976
- Motschulsky, 1857
- Cremastocheilus Knoch, 1801
- Krikken, 1976
- Westwood, 1874
- MacLeay, 1838
- Genuchinus Westwood, 1874
- Lissomelas Bates, 1889
- Howden, 1971
- Westwood, 1873
- Psilocnemis Burmeister, 1842
Subtribus
- Kirby, 1827
- Wasmann, 1900
- Burmeister, 1842
Subtribus
- Kirby, 1825
- Ruter, 1969
- Deyrolle, 1864
Subtribus
- Janson, 1881
Subtribus
- Moser, 1911
Subtribus
- Burmeister, 1847
- Schaum, 1844
Subtribus
- Kraatz, 1896
- Hope, 1831
- Westwood, 1874
- Moser, 1918
Subtribus
- Westwood, 1879
Subtribus
- Péringuey, 1907
- Ruter, 1952
- W.S. MacLeay, 1838
- Péringuey, 1900
- Schaum, 1841
Subtribus
- Mohnike, 1873
- Guérin-Méneville, 1840
- Arrow, 1910
- Kraatz, 1880
- Burmeister, 1842
Subtribus
- Schaum, 1848
Subtribus
- Krikken, 1975
Subtribus
- Kolbe, 1908
- Burmeister, 1842
Subtribus
- Krikken, 1976
- Westwood, 1873
Tribus []
- MacLeay, 1838
- Burmeister, 1842
- Moser, 1918
- Antoine, 2001
- Burmeister, 1842
- Kolbe, 1892
- Gerstäcker, 1882
- Diplognatha Gory & Percheron, 1833
- Burmeister, 1842
- Kraatz, 1898
- Valck Lucassen, 1933
- Krikken, 1980
- Valck Lucassen, 1933
- Kraatz, 1883
- Burmeister, 1842
- Hauser, 1904
- Moser, 1919
- Kraatz, 1880
- Burmeister, 1842
- Kraatz, 1880
- Valck Lucassen, 1933
- Kraatz, 1896 (= "Tetragonorrhina")
- Trichostetha Burmeister, 1842
- Krikken, 1987
- Gerstaecker, 1867
- Burmeister, 1842
Tribus []
Subtribus
- Hope, 1837
Subtribus
Subtribus
- Péringuey, 1907
- Gory & Percheron, 1833
- Perissinotto, 2020
- Perissinotto, 2020
- Holm, 1988
Subtribus
- Arrow, 1922
- Westwood, 1842
- Westwood, 1874 (= "Asthenorrhella" Bergé, = "Asthenorrhinella" Schoch)
- Westwood, 1843 (= "Asthenorrhina" Gemminger & Harold)
- Fairmaire, 1898
- Burmeister, 1842
- Hope, 1841 (= "Coelorrhina" Burmeister)
- Westwood, 1843
- Fairmaire, 1905
- Chlorocala Kirby, 1828
- Chondrorrhina Kraatz, 1880
- Compsocephalus White, 1845
- Saunders, 1854
- Westwood, 1842
- Alexis & Delpont, 1999
- Waterhouse, 1905
- Dicheros Gory & Percheron, 1833
- Dicronorhina Hope, 1837 (= "Dicranorrhina" Burmeister, "Dicronorrhina" Burmeister)
- Hope, 1843
- Burmeister, 1842
- Arrow, 1907
- Eudicella White, 1839
- Waterhouse, 1880
- Gnathocera Kirby, 1825
- Kaatz, 1880
- Mikšić, 1974
- Seilliere, 1910
- Westwood, 1842 (= "Heterorrhina")
- Fairmaire, 1893
- Burmeister, 1842
- Jumnos Saunders, 1839
- Lansbergia Ritsema, 1888
- Westwood, 1842
- Perissinotto, Clennell & Beinhundner, 2019
- Alexis & Delpont, 2001
- Mecynorhina Hope, 1837
- Ruter, 1965
- Burmeister, 1842
- Narycius Dupont, 1835
- Alexis & Delpont, 1998
- Neophaedimus Schoch, 1894
- Neoscelis Schoch, 1897
- Kraatz, 1880
- Mikšić, 1965
- Plaesiorrhina Burmeister, 1842
- Westwood, 1854
- Krikken, 1984
- Mikšić, 1974
- Mikšič, 1967
- Kraatz, 1883
- J. Thomson, 1877
- Rhamphorrhina Klug, 1855
- Ruter, 1965
- Rhomborhina Hope 1837 (= "Rhomborrhina" Burmeister)
- Kraatz, 1880
- Westwood, 1847
- Lansberge, 1886
- Stephanorrhina Burmeister, 1842
- Taurhina Burmeister, 1842 (= "Taurrhina" Kraatz)
- Tmesorrhina Westwood, 1842
- Torynorrhina Arrow, 1907
- Legrand, 2001
- Pouillaude, 1913
- Hope, 1831
Tribus Gymnetini[]
Subtribus
- Blaesia Burmeister, 1842
- Morón and Nogueira, 2007
Subtribus Gymnetina
- Aemilius LeMoult, 1939
- Burmeister, 1842
- Kraatz, 1882
- J. Thomson, 1878
- Argyripa J. Thomson, 1878
- Schürhoff, 1937
- J. Thomson, 1880
- J. Thomson, 1880
- Bates, 1889
- Cineretis Schürhoff, 1937 (synonym = Hologymnetis Martínez, 1949)
- Clinteria Burmeister, 1842
- Schoch, 1898
- Cotinis Burmeister, 1842
- J. Thomson, 1878
- Poll, 1886
- Gymnetina Casey, 1915
- Gymnetis MacLeay, 1819
- Martínez, 1949
- Kraatz, 1892
- Martínez, 1949
- Hoplopyga J. Thomson, 1880
- Schürhoff, 1933
- Blackwelder, 1944
- Schürhoff, 1935
- Kirby, 1827
- Ratcliffe & Micó, 2001
- Bainbridge, 1840
- Burmeister, 1842
Tribus []
- Phaedimus Waterhouse, 1841
- Mikšič, 1972
- Philistina W.S. MacLeay, 1838
- Theodosia J. Thomson, 1880
Tribus []
Subtribus
- Agestrata Eschscholtz, 1829
- Ischiopsopha Gestro, 1874
- Lomaptera Gory & Percheron, 1833
- Schoch, 1898
- Schürhoff, 1933
- Janson, 1905
- Van de Poll, 1886
Subtribus
- Blanchard, 1842
- Kraatz, 1880
- Krikken, 2018
- Antoine, 2003
- Heller, 1901
- Chlorobapta Kraatz, 1880
- Chondropyga Kraatz, 1880
- Burmeister, 1842
- Diaphonia Newman, 1840
- Thomson, 1877
- Dilochrosis Thomson, 1878
- Eupoecila Burmeister, 1842
- Hutchinson & Moeseneder, 2013
- Kraatz, 1880
- Burmeister, 1842
- Macleay, 1863
- Thomson, 1880
- Kraatz, 1880
- Strand, 1934
- Kraatz, 1880
- Jákl, 2009
- Kraatz, 1885
- Kraatz, 1880
- Hutchinson & Moeseneder, 2016
- Van de Poll, 1886
- J. Thomson, 1878
- Moeseneder & Hutchinson, 2012
- Kraatz, 1880
- Krikken, 1983
- Schoch, 1895
- Kraatz, 1880
- Poecilopharis Kraatz, 1880
- Van de Poll, 1886
- Kirby, 1825
- Berg, 1898
- Moser, 1913
- Hasenpusch & Moeseneder 2010
- Valck Lucassen, 1939
- Thomson, 1880
- Krikken, 2018
- Kraatz, 1880
Tribus []
Subtribus
- Burmeister, 1842
- Fairmaire, 1880
Subtribus
- Westwood, 1842
- Ruter, 1964
Subtribus
- Burmeister, 1842
- Coptomia Burmeister, 1842
- Pouillaude, 1919
- Burmeister, 1842
- Burmeister, 1842
- Bourgoin, 1919
- Fairmaire, 1901
- Kraatz, 1880
- Burmeister, 1842
- Pouillaude, 1917
- Blanchard, 1842
- Kraatz, 1880
- Kraatz, 1894
- Burmeister, 1842
- Pyrrhopoda Kraatz, 1880
- Ruter, 1964
Subtribus
- Burmeister, 1842
- Burmeister, 1842
- Krikken, 1982
- Kraatz, 1893
- Kraatz, 1880
- Fairmaire, 1883
Subtribus
- Euchroea Burmeister, 1842
Subtribus
- Burmeister, 1842
- Pouillaude, 1920
- Burmeister, 1842
- Fairmaire, 1894
Subtribus
- Schaum, 1845
- Fairmaire, 1896
Subtribus
- Ruter, 1978
- Burmeister, 1842
- Burmeister, 1842
- Burmeister, 1842
- Kraatz, 1880
- Olsoufieff, 1940
- Kraatz, 1880
- Pantolia Burmeister, 1842
- Blanchard, 1842
Subtribus
- Burmeister, 1842
Subtribus
- Burmeister, 1842
- Kraatz, 1880
- Kraatz, 1900
- Burmeister, 1842
- Ruter, 1973
Tribus []
- Moser, 1914
- Mikšic, 1976
- Westwood, 1848
- Mikšic, 1976
- Chalcothea Burmeister, 1842
- Mikšic, 1970
- Burmeister, 1842
- Coilodera Hope, 1831
- Schürhoff, 1933
- Mikšic, 1976
- Wallace, 1867
- Euselates Thomson, 1880
- Bates, 1889
- Mikšic, 1976
- van Lansberge, 1887
- Mikšic, 1970
- Thomson, 1880
- Kraatz, 1892
- Thomson, 1880
- Miksic, 1972
- Krikken, 1977
- Thomson, 1880
- Moser, 1910
- Kraatz, 1892
- Wallace, 1867
- Kraatz, 1892
- Pseudochalcothea Ritsema, 1882
- Burmeister, 1842
- Bates, 1889
Tribus Trichiini[]
Subtribus
- Kolbe, 1895
- Burmeister, 1847
Subtribus
- Thomson, 1878
- Inca Lepeletier & Serville, 1828
- Burmeister, 1847
Subtribus
- Osmoderma Lepeletier & Serville, 1825
- Krikken, 1978
Subtribus
- MacLeay, 1819
Subtribus
- Miyake et al., 1991
- Howden, 1968
- Kraatz, 1890
- Bourgoin, 1917
- Blanchard, 1850
- Kirby, 1827
- Heller, 1921
- Burmeister, 1840
- Burmeister, 1841
- Kolbe, 1891
- Parry, 1849
- Kolbe, 1892
- Péringuey, 1907
- Péringuey, 1907
- Kolbe, 1892
- Tagawa, 1941
- Burmeister, 1840
- Howden, 1988
- Moser, 1924
- Gnorimella Casey, 1915
- Gnorimus Lepeletier & Serville, 1825
- J. Thomson, 1858
- Janson, 1907
- Kolbe, 1892
- Ruter, 1964
- Burmeister, 1840
- Becker, 1910
- Janson, 1881
- Howden, 1968
- Bourgoin, 1921
- Janson, 1880
- Burmeister, 1840
- Gory & Percheron, 1833
- Bourgoin, 1919
- Trichiotinus Casey, 1915
- Trichius Fabricius, 1787
- Trigonopeltastes Burmeister, 1840
- Péringuey, 1907
Tribus Valgini[]
Subtribe
- Kolbe, 1897
- Kraatz, 1883
- Kolbe, 1892
Subtribe
- Kraatz, 1895
- Paulian, 1961
- Moser, 1914
- Kolbe, 1904
- Kolbe, 1897
- Kolbe, 1897
- Kolbe, 1897
- Endrödi, 1952
- Kolbe, 1904
- Moser, 1908
- Endrödi, 1952
- Krikken, 1978
- Kolbe, 1897
- Kolbe, 1904
- Kolbe, 1904
- Arrow, 1910
- Moser, 1914
- Kolbe, 1897
- Arrow, 1944
- Kolbe, 1897
- Burmeister, 1842
- Kolbe, 1904
- Arrow, 1910
- Kolbe, 1884
- Kolbe, 1904
- Kolbe, 1904
- Fairmaire, 1899
- Valgus Scriba, 1790
- Arrow, 1910
- Nomura, 1952
Tribus []
- van Lansberge, 1886
- Moser, 1916
- Burmeister, 1842
- Krikken, 1978
- Krikken, 1982
- Bourgoin, 1920
- Perissinotto, 2017
- Krikken, 1982
- Ruter, 1978
- Krikken, 1978
- Rhinocoeta Burmeister, 1842
- Ruter, 1958
- Burmeister, 1842
- Holm, 1992
References[]
- ^ Bouchard, P.; Bousquet, Y.; Davies, A.; Alonso-Zarazaga, M.; Lawrence, J.; Lyal, C.; Newton, A.; Reid, C.; Schmitt, M.; Ślipiński, A.; Smith, A. (2011). "Family-group names in Coleoptera (Insecta)". ZooKeys (88): 1–972. doi:10.3897/zookeys.88.807. PMC 3088472. PMID 21594053.
- ^ Shipley, A. E.; Marshall, Guy A. K., eds. (1910). The Fauna of British India. London, Calcutta and Bombay: Taylor and Francis. p. 201.
- ^ Ghorpade, K.D. (1975). "A remarkable predacious cetoniid, Spilophorus maculatus (Gory & Percheron), from southern India (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)". The Coleopterists Bulletin. 29 (4): 226–230. JSTOR 3999660.
- ^ Jeanne, Robert L. & J. H. Hunt (1992). "Beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) in a social wasp nest (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) in India" (PDF). Entomologist's Monthly Magazine. 128: 139–141. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-10-28.
- ^ Cazier, M.A. & Marjorie Statham (1962). "The behaviour and habits of the myrmecophilous scarab, Cremastocheilus stathamae Cazier, with notes on other species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)". J. New York Ent. Soc. 70: 125–149.
- ^ "Subfamily Cetoniinae Leach, 1815". Retrieved 2010-12-29.
- Bartlett, Troy, et al. BugGuide
- Evans, Arthur W. Generic Guide to New World Scarabs
- Orozco, Jesus. American Cetoniinae
- Sakai, K. & S. Nagai, 1998. The cetoniine Beetles of the World. Tokyo: Mushi-Sha. 421p Excellent illustrations of most species.
- White, Richard E. (1998). Beetles : A Field Guide to the Beetles of North America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-91089-7.
External links[]
Wikispecies has information related to Cetoniinae. |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cetoniinae. |
- Gallery of flower beetles
- Illustrated key to South Asian chafers
- Punctate Flower Chafer Factfile
- WZCZ Gallery
- Kaferlatein African Cetoniinae website. Literature page.
- flickr tagged images.
- Flower beetles of Israel by Oz Rittner
- Scarabaeidae
- Cetoniinae
- Polyphaga subfamilies