Footwear

Sneakers are a type of footwear

A pair of long socks

Footwear refers to garments worn on the feet, which typically serves the purpose of protection against adversities of the environment such as ground textures and temperature. Footwear in the manner of shoes therefore primarily serves the purpose to ease locomotion and prevent injuries. Footwear can also be used for fashion and adornment as well as to indicate the status or rank of the person within a social structure. Socks and other hosiery are typically worn additionally between the feet and other footwear for further comfort and relief. Cultures have different customs regarding footwear. These include not using any in some situations, usually bearing a symbolic meaning. This can however also be imposed on specific individuals to place them at a practical disadvantage against shod people, if they are excluded from having footwear available or are prohibited from using any. This usually takes place in situations of captivity, such as imprisonment or slavery, where the groups are among other things distinctly divided by whether or whether not footwear is being worn. In these cases the use of footwear categorically indicates the exercise of power as against being devoid of footwear, evidently indicating inferiority.

In some cultures, people remove their shoes before entering a home. Bare feet are also seen as a sign of humility and respect, and adherents of many religions worship or mourn while barefoot. Some religious communities explicitly require people to remove shoes before they enter holy buildings, such as temples.

In several cultures people remove their shoes as a sign of respect towards someone of higher standing. In a similar context deliberately forcing other people to go barefoot while being shod oneself has been used to clearly showcase and convey one's superiority within a setting of power disparity.

Practitioners of the craft of shoemaking are called shoemakers, cobblers, or cordwainers.

History[]

Chalcolithic leather shoe; ca. 5000 BCE

Footwear has been in use since the earliest human history, archeological finds of complete shoes date back to the Chalcolithic (ca. 5000 BCE). Some ancient civilizations, such as Egypt and Greece however saw no practical need for footwear due to convenient climatic and landscape situations and used shoes primarily as ornaments and insignia of power.

The Romans saw clothing and footwear as unmistakable signs of power and status in society, and most Romans wore footwear, while slaves and peasants remained barefoot.^[1] The Middle Ages saw the rise of high-heeled shoes, also associated with power, and the desire to look larger than life, and artwork from that period often depicts bare feet as a symbol of poverty. Depictions of captives such as prisoners or slaves from the same period well into the 18th century show the individuals barefooted almost exclusively, at this contrasting the prevailing partakers of the scene. Officials like prosecutors, judges but also slave owners or passive bystanders were usually portrayed wearing shoes. During the Middle Ages, men and women wore pattens, commonly seen as the predecessor of the modern high-heeled shoe,^[2] while the poor and lower classes in Europe, as well as slaves in the New World, were usually barefoot.^[3] In the 15th century, chopines were created in Turkey, and were usually 7-8 inches (17.7-20.3 cm) high. These shoes became popular in Venice and throughout Europe, as a status symbol revealing wealth and social standing.

During the 16th century, royalty such as Catherine de Medici and Mary I of England began wearing high-heeled shoes to make them look taller or larger than life. By 1580, men also wore them, and a person with authority or wealth might be described as, well-heeled. In modern society, high-heeled shoes are a part of women's fashion and are widespread in certain countries around the world.^[4]

An artist's impression of Ötzi's right shoe. Ötzi is a male mummy found in the Italian Alps in September 1991 in remarkably well-preserved condition.

Materials[]

This section needs expansion. You can help by . (July 2015)

Modern footwear is usually made up of leather or plastic, and rubber. In fact, leather was one of the original materials used for the first versions of a shoe. ^[5] The soles can be made of rubber or plastic, sometimes having a sheet of metal inside. Roman sandals had sheets of metal on their soles so that it would not bend out of shape.

More recently, footwear providers like Nike, have begun to source environmentally friendly materials.^[6]

Components[]

Typical shoe component location and nomenclature.

Types[]

This article is in list format, but may read better as prose. You can help by , if appropriate. Editing help is available. (July 2015)

Boots[]

• Boots
  • Chukka boots
  • Combat boots
  • Cowboy boots
  • Derby boots
  • Fashion boots
  • Go-go boots
  • Hiking boots
  • Motorcycle boots
  • Mukluk
  • Platform boots
  • Riding boots
  • Russian boots
  • Seaboots
  • Tabi boots
  • Tanker boots
  • Thigh-high boots
  • Valenki
  • Veldskoen
  • Waders
  • Wellington boots
  • Winklepickers

Shoes[]

Bowling shoes are a type of athletic shoe

A football boot based upon a common design used in 2018. Note the absence of a leather tongue, the relatively low rear upper around the heel, and the presence of a sock style fastener. This design helps to ensure maximum flexibility and range of movement. By limiting the potential impingement of the ankle joint by the boot upper, it allows the wearer's gait to be more natural.

• Shoes
  • Athletic shoes (also known as trainers or sneakers)
  • Ballet flats
  • Brothel creepers
  • Court shoes (known in the US as pumps)
  • Diabetic shoes
  • Espadrilles
  • Galoshes
  • Kitten heels
  • Lace-up shoes
    • Derby shoes
    • Oxford shoes
    • Brogues
    • Blucher shoes
  • High-tops
  • Loafers
  • Mary Janes
  • Moccasins
  • Monks
  • Mules
  • Platform shoes
  • Plimsoll shoes
  • School shoes
  • Skate shoes
  • Sneakers
  • Tap shoes
  • Toe shoes
    

    Vibram FiveFingers toe shoes

Sandals[]

• Sandals
  • Kolhapuri Chappals
  • Peshawari chappal
  • Flip-flops (thongs)
  • Slide
  • Wörishofer
  • Avarca, from Balearic Islands
    

    A pair of Sandals

Slipper[]

• Closed slippers
• Open slippers

Specific footwear[]

A climbing shoe

• Ballet shoes
• Boat shoes
• High-heeled footwear
• Climbing shoes
• Clogs
• Football boots
• Sabaton
• Safety footwear
• Sailing boots
• Ski boots
• Snowshoes
• Ice skates
• Surgical shoe
• Pointe shoes
• Swimfins (flippers)
• Barefoot sandals

Traditional footwear[]

Footwraps used by the Finnish Army until the 1990s

• Abarka, of leather, from Pyrenees
• Areni-1 shoe, 5,500-year-old leather shoe found in Armenia
• Bast shoe, of bast, from Northern Europe
• Crakow, shoes from Poland with long toes popular in the 15th century
• Galesh, of textile, from Iran
• Geta, of wood, from Japan
• Klompen, of wood, from the Netherlands
• Opanci, of leather, from Balkans
• Pampooties, of hide, from Ireland

Socks[]

Socks.

Toe socks.

Tabi.

• Socks
  • Anklets
  • Bobby socks
  • Diabetic socks
  • Dress socks
  • Footwraps
  • Knee highs
  • Toe socks
  • Tabi

Footwear industry[]

This section needs expansion. You can help by . (August 2020)

In Europe, the footwear industry has declined in the last years. Whereas in 2005, there were about 27,000 firms, in 2008 there were only 24,000. As well as the number of firms, the direct employment has decreased. The only factors that remained almost steady was the value added at factor cost and production value.^{[citation needed]}

In the U.S., the annual footwear industry revenue was $48 billion in 2012. In 2015, there were about 29,000 shoe stores in the U.S. and the shoe industry employed about 189,000 people.^[7] Due to rising imports, these numbers are also declining. The only way of staying afloat in the shoe market is to establish a presence in niche markets.^[8]

Safety of footwear products[]

To ensure high quality and safety of footwear, manufacturers have to make sure all products comply to existing and relevant standards. By producing footwear in accordance with national and international regulations, potential risks can be minimized and the interest of both textile manufacturers and consumers can be protected. The following standards/regulations apply to footwear products:

• CPSIA
• GB Standards such as
  • GB20400－2006 Leather and fur-limit of harmful matter
  • QB/T1002-2005 Leather shoes
  • GB/T 15107 Athletic footwear
• EN Standards for Footwear
• ASTM Standards^[9]
• ISO standards^[10]
• AAFA Restricted Substance List
• BIS (ISI) : IS 15298-I: 2011 test methods, IS 15298 –II for safety footwear, IS 15298-III Protective footwear, IS 15298-IV Occupational Footwear

See also[]

References[]

Further reading[]

• Goonetilleke, R.S. (2012). The Science of Footwear. Human Factors and Ergonomics. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-4398-3568-5. 726 pages.
• Wilcox, R.T. (2008). The Mode in Footwear: A Historical Survey with 53 Plates. Dover Fashion and Costumes Series. Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-46761-0. 190 pages.
• Riello, G. (2006). A Foot in the Past: Consumers, Producers and Footwear in the Long Eighteenth Century. Pasold studies in textile history. Pasold Research Fund/Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-929225-7. 302 pages.

External links[]

Media related to Footwear at Wikimedia Commons

• Britannica: clothing and footwear industry