Forbes' list of the most valuable sports teams

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The world's most valuable sports teams, as ranked annually by the American magazine Forbes, include teams from association football, American football, baseball, and basketball.

In 2016, the National Football League (NFL)'s Dallas Cowboys simultaneously became both the first team to surpass $4 billion in value and the first non-association football team to top the ranking since its inception in 2010. Manchester United (2010–12) and Real Madrid (2013–15) have previously each been named the most valuable team three times.

Current ranking[]

Rank Team Sport League Value (USD billion) Growth (2016–20)
#1 United States Dallas Cowboys American football NFL $5.700 Increase 43%
#2 United States New York Yankees Baseball MLB $5.250 Increase 54%
#3 United States New York Knicks Basketball NBA $5.000 Increase 67%
#4 Spain FC Barcelona Association football La Liga $4.760 Increase 34%
#5 Spain Real Madrid Association football La Liga $4.750 Increase 30%
#6 United States Golden State Warriors Basketball NBA $4.700 Increase 147%
#7 United States Los Angeles Lakers Basketball NBA $4.600 Increase 70%
#8 United States New England Patriots American football NFL $4.400 Increase 38%
#9 United States New York Giants American football NFL $4.300 Increase 54%
#10 Germany Bayern Munich Association football Bundesliga $4.210 Increase 57%
#11 England Manchester United Association football Premier League $4.200 Increase 27%
#12 England Liverpool Association football Premier League $4.100 Increase 165%
#13 United States Los Angeles Rams American football NFL $4.000 Increase 176%
England Manchester City Association football Premier League $4.000 Increase 108%
#15 United States San Francisco 49ers American football NFL $3.800 Increase 41%
#16 United States Los Angeles Dodgers Baseball MLB $3.570 Increase 43%
#17 United States New York Jets American football NFL $3.550 Increase 37%
#18 United States Chicago Bears American football NFL $3.530 Increase 44%
#19 United States Washington Commanders American football NFL $3.500 Increase 23%
#20 United States Boston Red Sox Baseball MLB $3.470 Increase 51%
#21 United States Philadelphia Eagles American football NFL $3.400 Increase 42%
#22 United States Chicago Cubs Baseball MLB $3.360 Increase 53%
#23 United States Houston Texans American football NFL $3.300 Increase 32%
United States Chicago Bulls Basketball NBA $3.300 Increase 43%
#25 United States Denver Broncos American football NFL $3.200 Increase 65%
United States Boston Celtics Basketball NBA $3.200 Increase 52%
England Chelsea Association football Premier League $3.200 Increase 93%
#28 United States San Francisco Giants Baseball MLB $3.180 Increase 41%
#29 United States Las Vegas Raiders American football NFL $3.100 Increase 117%
#30 United States Seattle Seahawks American football NFL $3.080 Increase 64%
#31 United States Green Bay Packers American football NFL $3.050 Increase 56%
#32 United States Pittsburgh Steelers American football NFL $3.000 Increase 58%
#33 United States Baltimore Ravens American football NFL $2.980 Increase 54%
#34 United States Minnesota Vikings American football NFL $2.950 Increase 86%
#35 United States Miami Dolphins American football NFL $2.900 Increase 57%
#36 United States Atlanta Falcons American football NFL $2.880 Increase 72%
#37 United States Indianapolis Colts American football NFL $2.850 Increase 52%
#38 England Arsenal Association football Premier League $2.800 Increase 39%
#39 United States Los Angeles Clippers Basketball NBA $2.750 Increase 38%
#40 United States Brooklyn Nets Basketball NBA $2.650 Increase 56%
#41 United States Los Angeles Chargers American football NFL $2.600 Increase 70%
#42 United States Carolina Panthers American football NFL $2.550 Increase 63%
#43 United States Kansas City Chiefs American football NFL $2.500 Increase 63%
United States Houston Rockets Basketball NBA $2.500 Increase 67%
France Paris Saint-Germain Association football Ligue 1 $2.500 Increase 207%
#46 United States New Orleans Saints American football NFL $2.480 Increase 63%
#47 United States Jacksonville Jaguars American football NFL $2.450 Increase 66%
United States New York Mets Baseball MLB $2.450 Increase 48%
United States Dallas Mavericks Basketball NBA $2.450 Increase 75%
#50 United States Cleveland Browns American football NFL $2.350 Increase 57%

Source: [1]

Number one by year[]

Year Team Sport League Value (USD billion)
2021 United States Dallas Cowboys American football NFL $5.700
2020 $5.500
2019 $5.000
2018 $4.800
2017 $4.200
2016 $4.000
2015 Spain Real Madrid Association football La Liga $3.260
2014 $3.440
2013 $3.300
2012 England Manchester United Association football Premier League $2.230
2011 $1.860
2010 $1.830

Previous rankings[]

2020[]

Rank Team Sport League Value (USD billion) Growth (2019–20)
1 United States Dallas Cowboys American football NFL $5.500 Increase 10%
2 United States New York Yankees Baseball MLB $5.000 Increase 9%
3 United States New York Knicks Basketball NBA $4.600 Increase 15%
4 United States Los Angeles Lakers Basketball NBA $4.400 Increase 19%
5 United States Golden State Warriors Basketball NBA $4.300 Increase 23%
6 Spain Real Madrid Association football La Liga $4.240 Steady 0%
7 United States New England Patriots American football NFL $4.100 Increase 8%
8 Spain FC Barcelona Association football La Liga $4.020 Steady 0%
9 United States New York Giants American football NFL $3.900 Increase 18%
10 England Manchester United Association football Premier League $3.810 Steady 0%
11 United States Los Angeles Rams American football NFL $3.800 Increase 19%
12 United States San Francisco 49ers American football NFL $3.500 Increase 15%
13 United States Chicago Bears American football NFL $3.450 Increase 19%
14 United States Los Angeles Dodgers Baseball MLB $3.400 Increase 3%
United States Washington Football Team American football NFL Increase 10%
16 United States Boston Red Sox Baseball MLB $3.300 Increase 3%
17 United States Chicago Bulls Basketball NBA $3.200 Increase 10%
United States Chicago Cubs Baseball MLB Increase 3%
United States New York Jets American football NFL Increase 12%
20 United States Boston Celtics Basketball NBA $3.100 Increase 11%
United States Houston Texans American football NFL Steady 11%
United States San Francisco Giants Baseball MLB Increase 3%
23 United States Philadelphia Eagles American football NFL $3.050 Increase 11%
24 Germany Bayern Munich Association football Bundesliga $3.020 Steady 0%
25 United States Denver Broncos American football NFL $3.000 Increase 13%
26 United States Las Vegas Raiders American football NFL $2.900 Increase 20%
27 United States Green Bay Packers American football NFL $2.850 Increase 8%
28 United States Pittsburgh Steelers American football NFL $2.800 Increase 8%
29 United States Seattle Seahawks American football NFL $2.780 Increase 8%
30 United States Miami Dolphins American football NFL $2.760 Increase 7%
31 United States Atlanta Falcons American football NFL $2.755 Increase 6%
32 United States Baltimore Ravens American football NFL $2.750 Increase 6%
33 United States Minnesota Vikings American football NFL $2.700 Steady 13%
34 England Manchester City Association football Premier League $2.690 Steady 0%
35 United States Indianapolis Colts American football NFL $2.650 Increase 11%
36 United States Los Angeles Clippers Basketball NBA $2.600 Increase 18%
37 England Chelsea Association football Premier League $2.580 Steady 0%
38 United States Brooklyn Nets Basketball NBA $2.500 Increase 6%
United States Los Angeles Chargers American football NFL Increase 10%
40 United States Houston Rockets Basketball NBA $2.480 Increase 8%
41 United States Carolina Panthers American football NFL $2.400 Increase 4%
United States Dallas Mavericks Basketball NBA Increase 8%
United States New York Mets Baseball MLB Increase 4%
44 United States Jacksonville Jaguars American football NFL $2.330 Increase 12%
45 United States Kansas City Chiefs American football NFL $2.300 Increase 10%
46 United States New Orleans Saints American football NFL $2.280 Increase 10%
47 England Arsenal Association football Premier League $2.270 Steady 0%
48 United States Arizona Cardinals American football NFL $2.250 Increase 5%
49 United States St. Louis Cardinals Baseball MLB $2.200 Increase 5%
United States Tampa Bay Buccaneers American football NFL

Source[2]

2019[]

Rank Team Sport League Value (USD billion) Growth (2018–19)
1 United States Dallas Cowboys American football NFL $5.000 Increase 4%
2 United States New York Yankees Baseball MLB $4.600 Increase 15%
3 Spain Real Madrid Association football La Liga $4.240 Increase 4%
4 Spain FC Barcelona Association football La Liga $4.020 Decrease −1%
5 United States New York Knicks Basketball NBA $4.000 Increase 11%
6 England Manchester United Association football Premier League $3.810 Decrease −8%
7 United States New England Patriots American football NFL $3.800 Increase 3%
8 United States Los Angeles Lakers Basketball NBA $3.700 Increase 12%
9 United States Golden State Warriors Basketball NBA $3.500 Increase 13%
10 United States New York Giants American football NFL $3.300 Steady 0%
United States Los Angeles Dodgers Baseball MLB Increase 10%
12 United States Boston Red Sox Baseball MLB $3.200 Increase 14%
United States Los Angeles Rams American football NFL Increase 7%
14 United States Washington Redskins American football NFL $3.100 Steady 0%
United States Chicago Cubs Baseball MLB Increase 7%
16 United States San Francisco 49ers American football NFL $3.050 Steady 0%
17 Germany Bayern Munich Association football Bundesliga $3.020 Decrease −1%
18 United States San Francisco Giants Baseball MLB $3.000 Increase 5%
19 United States Chicago Bears American football NFL $2.900 Increase 2%
United States Chicago Bulls Basketball NBA Increase 12%
21 United States New York Jets American football NFL $2.850 Increase 4%
22 United States Houston Texans American football NFL $2.800 Steady 0%
United States Boston Celtics Basketball NBA Increase 12%
24 United States Philadelphia Eagles American football NFL $2.750 Increase 4%
25 England Manchester City Association football Premier League $2.690 Increase 9%
26 United States Denver Broncos American football NFL $2.650 Increase 2%
27 United States Green Bay Packers American football NFL $2.630 Increase 3%
28 United States Atlanta Falcons American football NFL $2.600 Increase 5%
29 United States Baltimore Ravens American football NFL $2.590 Increase 4%
30 United States Pittsburgh Steelers American football NFL $2.585 Increase 5%
31 United States Seattle Seahawks American football NFL $2.580 Increase 6%
32 England Chelsea Association football Premier League $2.580 Increase 25%
33 United States Miami Dolphins American football NFL $2.580 Steady 0%
34 United States Oakland Raiders American football NFL $2.420 Increase 2%
35 United States Minnesota Vikings American football NFL $2.400 Steady 0%
36 United States Indianapolis Colts American football NFL $2.380 Steady 0%
37 United States Brooklyn Nets Basketball NBA $2.350 Increase 2%
38 United States Houston Rockets Basketball NBA $2.300 Increase 5%
United States Carolina Panthers American football NFL Steady 0%
United States New York Mets Baseball MLB Increase 10%
41 United States Los Angeles Chargers American football NFL $2.280 Steady 0%
42 England Arsenal Association football Premier League $2.270 Increase 1%
43 United States Dallas Mavericks Basketball NBA $2.225 Increase 18%
44 United States Los Angeles Clippers Basketball NBA $2.200 Increase 2%
45 England Liverpool Association football Premier League $2.180 Increase 12%
46 United States Arizona Cardinals American football NFL $2.150 Steady 0%
47 United States Kansas City Chiefs American football NFL $2.100 Steady 0%
United States St. Louis Cardinals Baseball MLB Increase 11%
49 United States Jacksonville Jaguars American football NFL $2.080 Steady 0%
50 United States New Orleans Saints American football NFL $2.080 Increase 4%

Source[3]

2018[]

Rank Team Sport League Value (USD billion) Growth (2017–18)
1 United States Dallas Cowboys American football NFL $4.800 Increase 14%
2 England Manchester United Association football Premier League $4.123 Increase 12%
3 Spain Real Madrid Association football La Liga $4.088 Increase 14%
4 Spain FC Barcelona Association football La Liga $4.064 Increase 12%
5 United States New York Yankees Baseball MLB $4.000 Increase 08%
6 United States New England Patriots American football NFL $3.700 Increase 09%
7 United States New York Knicks Basketball NBA $3.600 Increase 09%
8 United States Los Angeles Lakers Basketball NBA $3.300 Increase 10%
United States New York Giants American football NFL Increase 06%
10 United States Golden State Warriors Basketball NBA $3.100 Increase 19%
United States Washington Redskins American football NFL Increase 05%
12 Germany Bayern Munich Association football Bundesliga $3.063 Increase 13%
13 United States San Francisco 49ers American football NFL $3.050 Increase 02%
14 United States Los Angeles Dodgers Baseball MLB $3.000 Increase 09%
United States Los Angeles Rams American football NFL Increase 03%
16 United States Chicago Cubs Baseball MLB $2.900 Increase 08%
17 United States San Francisco Giants Baseball MLB $2.850 Increase 08%
United States Chicago Bears American football NFL Increase 06%
19 United States Boston Red Sox Baseball MLB $2.800 Increase 04%
United States Houston Texans American football NFL Increase 08%
21 United States New York Jets American football NFL $2.750 Steady 0%
22 United States Philadelphia Eagles American football NFL $2.650 Increase 06%
23 United States Chicago Bulls Basketball NBA $2.600 Increase 04%
United States Denver Broncos American football NFL Increase 08%
25 United States Miami Dolphins American football NFL $2.575 Increase 08%
26 United States Green Bay Packers American football NFL $2.550 Increase 09%
27 United States Boston Celtics Basketball NBA $2.500 Increase 14%
United States Baltimore Ravens American football NFL Increase 09%
29 United States Atlanta Falcons American football NFL $2.475 Increase 16%
30 England Manchester City Association football Premier League $2.474 Increase 19%
31 United States Pittsburgh Steelers American football NFL $2.450 Increase 09%
32 United States Seattle Seahawks American football NFL $2.425 Increase 09%
33 United States Minnesota Vikings American football NFL $2.400 Increase 09%
34 United States Oakland Raiders American football NFL $2.380 Increase 13%
35 United States Indianapolis Colts American football NFL $2.375 Increase 09%
36 United States Brooklyn Nets Basketball NBA $2.300 Increase 28%
United States Carolina Panthers American football NFL Increase 11%
38 United States Los Angeles Chargers American football NFL $2.275 Increase 09%
39 England Arsenal Association football Premier League $2.238 Increase 16%
40 United States Houston Rockets Basketball NBA $2.200 Increase 33%
41 United States Los Angeles Clippers Basketball NBA $2.150 Increase 07%
United States Arizona Cardinals American football NFL Increase 06%
43 United States New York Mets Baseball MLB $2.100 Increase 05%
United States Kansas City Chiefs American football NFL Increase 12%
45 United States Jacksonville Jaguars American football NFL $2.075 Increase 06%
46 England Chelsea Association football Premier League $2.062 Increase 12%
47 United States Tennessee Titans American football NFL $2.050 Increase 02%
48 United States New Orleans Saints American football NFL $2.000 Increase 14%
49 United States Tampa Bay Buccaneers American football NFL $1.975 Increase 10%
50 United States Cleveland Browns American football NFL $1.950 Increase 05%

Source[4]

2017[]

Rank Team Sport League Value (USD billion) Growth (2016–17)
1 United States Dallas Cowboys American football NFL $4.20 Increase 5%
2 United States New York Yankees Baseball MLB $3.70 Increase 9%
3 England Manchester United Association football Premier League $3.69 Increase 11%
4 Spain FC Barcelona Association football La Liga $3.64 Increase 2%
5 Spain Real Madrid Association football La Liga $3.58 Decrease -2%
6 United States New England Patriots American football NFL $3.40 Increase 6%
7 United States New York Knicks Basketball NBA $3.30 Increase 10%
8 United States New York Giants American football NFL $3.10 Increase 11%
9 United States Los Angeles Lakers Basketball NBA $3.00 Increase 11%
United States San Francisco 49ers American football NFL $3.00 Increase 11%
11 United States Washington Redskins American football NFL $2.95 Increase 4%
12 United States Los Angeles Rams American football NFL $2.90 N/A
13 United States Los Angeles Dodgers Baseball MLB $2.75 Increase 6%
United States New York Jets American football NFL $2.75 Increase 10%
15 Germany Bayern Munich Association football Bundesliga $2.71 Increase 1%
16 United States Boston Red Sox Baseball MLB $2.70 Increase 10%
United States Chicago Bears American football NFL $2.70 Increase 17%
18 United States Chicago Cubs Baseball MLB $2.68 Increase 22%
19 United States San Francisco Giants Baseball MLB $2.65 Increase 18%
20 United States Golden State Warriors Basketball NBA $2.60 Increase 4%
United States Houston Texans American football NFL $2.60 Increase 37%
22 United States Chicago Bulls Basketball NBA $2.50 Increase 4%
United States Philadelphia Eagles American football NFL $2.50 Increase 9%
24 United States Denver Broncos American football NFL $2.40 Increase 24%
25 United States Miami Dolphins American football NFL $2.38 Increase 28%
26 United States Green Bay Packers American football NFL $2.35 Increase 21%
27 United States Baltimore Ravens American football NFL $2.30 Increase 19%
28 United States Pittsburgh Steelers American football NFL $2.25 Increase 18%
United States Seattle Seahawks American football NFL $2.25 Increase 19%
30 United States Boston Celtics Basketball NBA $2.20 Increase 38%
United States Minnesota Vikings American football NFL $2.20 Increase 5%
32 United States Indianapolis Colts American football NFL $2.18 Increase 16%
33 United States Atlanta Falcons American football NFL $2.13 Increase 27%
34 United States Oakland Raiders American football NFL $2.10 Increase 47%
35 England Manchester City Association football Premier League $2.083 Increase 8%
36 United States Los Angeles Chargers American football NFL $2.08 Increase 36%
37 United States Carolina Panthers American football NFL $2.075 Increase 33%
38 United States Arizona Cardinals American football NFL $2.025 Increase 31%
39 United States Los Angeles Clippers Basketball NBA $2.00 Increase 34%
United States New York Mets Baseball MLB $2.00 Steady 0%
41 United States Tennessee Titans American football NFL $2.00 Increase 21%
42 United States Jacksonville Jaguars American football NFL $1.95 Increase 32%
43 England Arsenal Association football Premier League $1.93 Decrease -4%
44 United States Kansas City Chiefs American football NFL $1.88 Increase 23%
45 United States Cleveland Browns American football NFL $1.85 Increase 23%
46 England Chelsea Association football Premier League $1.85 Increase 11%
47 United States Brooklyn Nets Basketball NBA $1.80 Increase 19%
United States St. Louis Cardinals Baseball MLB $1.80 Increase 6%
United States Tampa Bay Buccaneers American football NFL $1.80 Increase 12%
50 United States Los Angeles Angels Baseball MLB $1.75 Increase 16%
United States New Orleans Saints American football NFL $1.75 Increase 31%

Source[5]

2016[]

Rank Team Sport League Value (USD billion)
1 United States Dallas Cowboys American football NFL 4.00
2 Spain Real Madrid Association football La Liga 3.65
3 Spain FC Barcelona Association football La Liga 3.55
4 United States New York Yankees Baseball MLB 3.40
5 England Manchester United Association football Premier League 3.32
6 United States New England Patriots American football NFL 3.20
7 United States New York Knicks Basketball NBA 3.00
8 United States Washington Redskins American football NFL 2.85
9 United States New York Giants American football NFL 2.80
10 United States Los Angeles Lakers Basketball NBA 2.70
United States San Francisco 49ers American football NFL

Source[6]

2015[]

Rank Team Sport Country Value (USD billion)
1 Real Madrid Association football  Spain 3.26
2 Dallas Cowboys American football  United States 3.2
New York Yankees Baseball  United States
4 FC Barcelona Association football  Spain 3.16
5 Manchester United Association football  England 3.1
6 Los Angeles Lakers Basketball  United States 2.6
New England Patriots American football  United States
8 New York Knicks Basketball  United States 2.5
9 Los Angeles Dodgers Baseball  United States 2.4
Washington Redskins American football  United States

Source[7]

2014[]

Rank Team Sport Country Value (USD billion)
1 Real Madrid Association football  Spain 3.44
2 FC Barcelona Association football  Spain 3.2
3 Manchester United Association football  England 2.81
4 New York Yankees Baseball  United States 2.5
5 Dallas Cowboys American football  United States 2.3
6 Los Angeles Dodgers Baseball  United States 2
7 Bayern Munich Association football  Germany 1.85
8 New England Patriots American football  United States 1.8
9 Washington Redskins American football  United States 1.7
10 New York Giants American football  United States 1.55

Source[8]

2013[]

Rank Team Sport Country Value (USD billion)
1 Real Madrid Association football  Spain 3.3
2 Manchester United Association football  England 3.165
3 FC Barcelona Association football  Spain 2.6
4 New York Yankees Baseball  United States 2.3
5 Dallas Cowboys American football  United States 2.1
6 New England Patriots American football  United States 1.635
7 Los Angeles Dodgers Baseball  United States 1.615
8 Washington Redskins American football  United States 1.6
9 New York Giants American football  United States 1.468
10 Arsenal Association football  England 1.326

Source[9]

2012[]

Rank Team Sport Country Value (USD billion)
1 Manchester United Association football  England 2.23
2 Real Madrid Association football  Spain 1.88
3 New York Yankees Baseball  United States 1.85
Dallas Cowboys American football  United States
5 Washington Redskins American football  United States 1.56
6 Los Angeles Dodgers Baseball  United States 1.4
New England Patriots American football  United States
8 FC Barcelona Association football  Spain 1.31
9 New York Giants American football  United States 1.3
10 Arsenal Association football  England 1.29

Source[10]

2011[]

Rank Team Sport Country Value (USD billion)
1 Manchester United Association football  England 1.86
2 Dallas Cowboys American football  United States 1.81
3 New York Yankees Baseball  United States 1.7
4 Washington Redskins American football  United States 1.55
5 Real Madrid Association football  Spain 1.45
6 New England Patriots American football  United States 1.37
7 Arsenal Association football  England 1.19
8 New York Giants American football  United States 1.18
9 Houston Texans American football  United States 1.17
10 New York Jets American football  United States 1.14

Source[11]

2010[]

Rank Team Sport Country Value (USD billion)
1 Manchester United Association football  England 1.83
2 Dallas Cowboys American football  United States 1.65
3 New York Yankees Baseball  United States 1.6
4 Washington Redskins American football  United States 1.55
5 New England Patriots American football  United States 1.36
6 Real Madrid Association football  Spain 1.32
7 New York Giants American football  United States 1.18
8 Arsenal Association football  England 1.18
9 New York Jets American football  United States 1.17
10 Houston Texans American football  United States 1.15

Source[12]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ "World's Most Valuable Sports Teams 2021". Forbes. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
  2. ^ Badenhausen, Kurt (July 31, 2020). "The World's Most Valuable Sports Teams 2020". Forbes. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
  3. ^ Badenhausen, Kurt (July 22, 2019). "The World's 50 Most Valuable Sports Teams 2019". Forbes. Retrieved October 28, 2019.
  4. ^ Badenhausen, Kurt. "Full List: The World's 50 Most Valuable Sports Teams Of 2018". Forbes. Retrieved 2018-12-28.
  5. ^ Badenhausen, Kurt (July 12, 2017). "Full List: The World's 50 Most Valuable Sports Teams 2017". Forbes. Retrieved December 31, 2017.
  6. ^ Badenhausen, Kurt (July 13, 2016). "Dallas Cowboys Head The World's 50 Most Valuable Sports Teams Of 2016". Forbes. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
  7. ^ Badenhausen, Kurt (July 15, 2015). "The World's 50 Most Valuable Sports Teams 2015". Forbes. Retrieved May 8, 2016.
  8. ^ Badenhausen, Kurt (July 16, 2014). "The World's 50 Most Valuable Sports Teams 2014". Forbes. Retrieved May 8, 2016.
  9. ^ Badenhausen, Kurt (July 15, 2013). "Real Madrid Tops The World's Most Valuable Sports Teams". Forbes. Retrieved May 8, 2016.
  10. ^ Badenhausen, Kurt (July 16, 2012). "Manchester United Tops The World's 50 Most Valuable Sports Teams". Forbes. Retrieved May 8, 2016.
  11. ^ Badenhausen, Kurt (July 12, 2011). "The World's 50 Most Valuable Sports Teams". Forbes. Retrieved May 8, 2016.
  12. ^ Ozanian, Michael K.; Badenhausen, Kurt (July 21, 2010). "The World's Most Valuable Teams And Athletes". Forbes. Retrieved May 8, 2016.
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