Forest railway

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Forest railway operations in Comandău, Romania (Photograph from 1996)

A forest railway, forest tram, timber line, logging railway or logging railroad is a mode of railway transport which is used for forestry tasks, primarily the transportation of felled logs to sawmills or railway stations.

In most cases this form of transport utilised narrow gauges, and were temporary in nature, and in rough and sometimes difficult to access terrain.

History[]

Before the railway was invented, logs were transported in large numbers from the forest down rivers either freely or on wooden rafts. This was not without its problems and wood was often damaged in transit, lost in floods or stranded in shallow water. Suitable rivers were often unavailable in mountainous terrain.

Shay locomotive on an American forest railway
Tourist trains and narrow gauge museum at the Kemence Forest Museum Railway.

Simple wagonways, using horses and wooden rails, were used from the 18th century. However the invention of the steam locomotive and steel rails soon led to these being employed for forestry. However the difficult terrain within forests meant that narrow-gauge railways, which took up less space, were lighter and easier to build and enabled tight curves to be laid, were preferred. These were the so-called forest railways. In particularly large areas of forest or forests of unusually large trees, such as in the northwestern USA, extensive forest railways were even built using standard gauge exclusively for forestry tasks. Special geared locomotives such as the Shay and Climax locomotive were developed for high tractive effort on rough track. Some forest railways became common carriers when cleared forest land was converted to agricultural or recreational use.

Perdido, a steam pole road locomotive

In cases where the railway itself was considered very short-term, or the region was extremely difficult to access, logs would often be laid into the ground as a pole road, rather than the cost and logistics of laying steel rails and sleepers. Pole roads could be extensive; several examples in the southeastern United States extended up to 20 miles at the end of the nineteenth century, and used purpose-built steam locomotives.[1]

In addition to steam traction, diesel and petrol-driven locomotives were also used later on. These largely brought animal-hauled transportation to an end on the forest railways. Also common were routes that just used gravity. Wagons loaded with wood would simply roll downhill in a controlled fashion under the pull of gravity. Foresters also travelled on these, at some risk to their lives on occasions – as brakemen. Empty wagons were hauled uphill again by horses.

From the second half of the 20th century forest railways were threatened by road transportation and by the end of the 1960s they had practically disappeared from western Europe. Roads were often laid in their place on the old trackbeds.

In a few Eastern European countries forest railways survived longer, particularly in Russia where there are still some today. In Hungary too there are several forest railways in active service today, some are also used for tourist traffic. The numerous forest railway operations in Romania were closed, with a few exceptions, by the 1990s. In Western Europe there are very few which are even preserved as museum railways.

In Asia and Oceania (Australia and New Zealand) the history and fate of logging tramways/forest railways is similar to Europe, with most lines either converted to motorised truck transport or closing down in the 1960s. Significant numbers of locomotives and other remnants of the former lines are found in museums and museum railways in Australia.

Forest railways in Europe[]

Germany (selection)[]

Railway name Route Rail
gauge
mm
Length
km
Traction
(GS=Direct
Current)
From To Operated
by
Remarks
Bavaria
Sebalder Reichswald dismantled
Ebersberg dismantled
Ruhpolding-Reit im Winkl 1000 23 1922 1936/37 dismantled
Spiegelau Forest Railway Spiegelau-Finsterau 600 100+ 1909 1960 dismantled
Zwieselau-Buchenau 600 14,5 1930 1958 dismantled
Fall 750 ~ 10 crosses border (see Tyrol)
Brandenburg
Schorfheide, Döllnkrug-Höpen 600
Rhineland-Palatinate
Bundenthal-Rumbach 600 14,5 1921 1930 dismantled
Saxony
Muskau Forest Railway Weisswasser-Bad Muskau 600 50+ 1895 Museum Railway

Austria[]

Railway name Route Rail
gauge
mm
T
r
a
c
k
s
Length
km
Traction
(GS=Direct
Current)
From To Operated
by
Remarks
Burgenland
(WbD) Dörfl 600 1 9,4 1924 1933 WbD
(WbG) (Alsörönök-) border Großmürbisch - Reinersdorfer Bach 760 1 ~7,5 1935 1937 WbG 4 km in Hungary, dismantled
(WGR) Großpetersdorf - Rumpersdorf 760 1 ~13,5 1920 ~1933 WGR
(WGR) Güssing - Rohr im Burgenland 760 1 ~27,0 1913 1921 WGR
(WGN) Güssing - Neuberg im Burgenland 760 1 ~14,0 1913 1921 WGN
(WbL) Lockenhaus 600 1 14,9 1926 1956 WbL
(WbP) Punitz - Punitzer Gemeindewald 600 1 ~9,0 Horses 1905 ~1933 WbP
Lower Austria
Nähe Fahrafeld: Forsthaus - Hochwiese 600 1 ~2,5 Gravity, oxen, petrol-driven locos 1915 1918 dismantled
(WbK) Klauswald, near Puchenstuben 600 ? 1 4,5 1930 1937 WbK
(WbLL) Langau-Lackenhof 1000 1 ~ 6,7 Horses ~1845 1867 WbLL
(WbLL) Lunz am See - Langau - Saurüsselboden 700 1 12,2 Diesel 1920 1974 WbLL Forest railway with limited public passenger services, dismantled
(WbLL) branch Langau - Lackenhofer Höhe 700 1 ~6,6 Diesel 1920 1974 WbLL Forest railway with limited public passenger service, dismantled
Schwarzau im Gebirge, Nasswald 600 0,6 Diesel, accumulator 1985 Museum railway, new line
(WbW) Wastl am Wald 600 1 ~ 3,9 1934 1945 WbW
(WWF) Martinsberg-Gutenbrunn - Berglucke 760 1 ~35,9 1920 1933 WWF
Upper Austria
(WbO) Offensee, Steinkogl - Steibachl 800 1 13,9 1899 1954 WbO
(WbO) Steibachl - Obere Moosau 800 1 1,6 1899 1954 WbO
(WbRr) Schallau-Maieralm-Hansigraben 760 1 16,5 1920 1971 WbRr
(WbRr) Maieralm-Unterweißwasser 760 1 13,0 1920 1971 WbRr
(WbRr) Reichraming -Hintergebirge 760 1 32,7 Diesel 1920 1971 WbRr Forest railway with limited public passenger services, dismantled
Salzburg
(WbZ) Zinkenbach, Lagerplatz Hundsleiten-Königsbachalm 700 1 6,7 Diesel 1921 1967 WbZ no passenger traffic, dismantled
Styria
(WbD) Deutschlandsberg - Freiland bei Deutschlandsberg 760 1 9,9 Steam WbD no passenger traffic, dismantled
(WbD) Kupper-Bärental 600 1 8,5 Steam WbD dismantled, link between Freiland and Kupper with 3.1 km long cable car (dismantled)
(WbD) Kupper-Hofbauer 600 1 9,4 Steam WbD Forest railway, no passenger traffic, dismantled
(WbF) Steinhaus am Semmering- Rettenegg 600 1 22,0 Steam 1902 1958 WbF Forest railway with limited public passenger services, dismantled, with two inclined lifts
(WbF) Frohnleiten-Traninger- Rossstall 760 1 12,4 1925 1951 WbF dismantled
(WbF) branch Traninger- Dionys 760 1 5,6 1925 1951 WbF dismantled
(WbG) Gundersdorf, Dampfsäge- Höllein 760 1 4,0 WbG dismantled
(WbI) Ingering -Seeboden 720 1 ~10,5 ~1885 1938 WbI dismantled
(WbRa) Hieflau-Radmer-Neuhaus 830 1 ~14,0 1920 1967 WbRa
(WbRa) Hieflau-Radmer-Neuhaus 900 1 ~14,0 1200 V DC 1967 1979
(WbT) Trieben - Lager Seyfried 800 1 ~ 10,8 1900 ~1939 WbT
Tyrol
Klammbach Forest Railway Achenkirch 760 6,6 1914 1960 Klammbachwaldbahn
Bächentalbahn 750 10,2 1930 1956 see also Bavaria

France[]

  • Abreschviller Forest Railway, remains of a once extensive forest railway networks in the Vosges, museum railway
  • also the Voies Ferrées des Landes a group of short lines built primarily to serve the forestry industry in the Landes forest
  • The Forest Railway Welschbruch, built and used while the German Empire ruled Alsace, was used to carry wood logs down to the valley of Barr

Poland[]

(all lines on the Polish eastern border from north to south)

Slovakia[]

  • Hronec – Čierny Balog Forest Railway (Schwarzgranbahn), museum railway
  • Vychylovka Forest Railway, museum railway
  • Považská lesná železnica

Sweden[]

  • Ohsabanan, Värnamo, Småland, active forest railway and tourist trains

Hungary[]

Ticket vending at a station on the Nagybörzsöny Forest Railway
Romanian forest railway loco on the Steyrtalbahn
  • , tourist trains
  • , active forest railway and tourist trains
  • , tourist trains
  • Felsőtárkány National Forest Railway, tourist trains
  • Gemenc State Forest Railway, active forest railway and tourist trains
  • , (Gyöngyös) tourist trains
  • , tourist trains
  • , tourist trains and narrow gauge museum
  • , tourist trains
  • , tourist trains
  • , (forest railway ceased 1999) tourist trains
  • , tourist trains
  • , tourist trains
  • , Szilvásvárad, tourist trains

Romania[]

  • Viseu de Sus, Wassertalbahn, active forest railway used for forestry and tourism
  • Covasna - Comandău Forest Railway, with cable car, museum operation under construction

Russia[]

Russian loco TU6A with a log train on the Udimskaya Forest Railway

Logging railroads in North America[]

A logging railroad describes railroads, pole roads, tram roads, or similar infrastructure used to transport harvested timber from a logging site to a sawmill. Logging railroads vary in gauge and length, with most forested regions of the world supporting a railroad of this type at some point.

While most railroads of this variety were temporary, it was not uncommon for permanent railroads to take their place as a complement to logging operations or as an independent operation once logging ended.

Canada[]

British Columbia[]

Ontario[]

  • railway, Greater Sudbury[2]
  • railway, St. Joseph Island[3]

Saskatchewan[]

  • Shaw Logging Railroad

Nova Scotia[]

Mexico[]

  • Ferrocarril Cazadero la Torre y Tepetongo

United States[]

California[]

Nevada[]

New England[]

Railway name Route Rail
gauge
mm
Length
km
Traction
(GS=Direct
Current)
From To Operated
by
Remarks
Maine
Bald Mountain Railroad Jackman 1435 1915 1926 dismantled
Calais Railway Calais - Woodland 1435 33 1835 Pan Am Railways freight only
Carry Pond and Carry Brook Railroad Moosehead Lake - Seboomook Lake 610 3 1914 1916 horse-drawn flat cars; dismantled[6]
Eagle Lake and West Branch Railroad Eagle Lake - Umbazooksus Lake 1435 21[7] 1927 1933 transferred log drive pulpwood between river basins; dismantled[6]
Franklin and Megantic Railway Strong - Bigelow 610 48 1884 1935 Sandy River and Rangeley Lakes Railroad dismantled
Phillips and Rangeley Railroad Phillips - Rangeley 610 46 1890 1932 Sandy River and Rangeley Lakes Railroad Victorian resort passenger service; dismantled
Ray Lumber Company Bowerbank Township 1435 1912 1929 dismantled
Rumford Falls and Rangeley Lakes Railroad Rumford - Kennebago 1435 75 1894 1936 Maine Central Railroad dismantled
Seboomook Lake and Saint John Railroad Seboomook Lake - Baker Branch Saint John River 1435 29 1919 1929 dismantled[8]
Somerset Railroad Bingham - Moosehead Lake 1435 81 1890 1933 Maine Central Railroad Victorian resort passenger service; dismantled
Wild River Railroad Gilead - Hastings 1435 16 1891 1904 dismantled
New Hampshire
Saco Valley Railroad Mount Carrigain 1435 11 1892 1898 dismantled
Sawyer River Railroad Sawyer River 1435 14 1877 1927 dismantled
Success Pond Railroad Berlin - Success 1435 42 1893 1906 dismantled

New Mexico[]

Oregon[]

South Carolina[]

  • Argent Lumber Company

West Virginia[]

Washington[]

Forest railways in Asia[]

Indonesia[]

Taiwan[]

Japan[]

Forest railways in Oceania[]

Australia[]

New Zealand[]

Other railways for the transport of goods[]

  • Field railways (see: Feldbahn) for the transportation of rural produce; also originally for military use as well
  • Harbour or port railways for loading and unloading goods within a port
  • Industrial railways for transporting goods from factories
  • for transporting coastal defence materiel.
  • Bush tramways in New Zealand, see West coast trams in New Zealand
  • Light railway
  • Military railways (see also: Heeresfeldbahn) for transporting military supplies and troops
  • Mining railways for ore transportation
  • Tramway (industrial)
  • Wagonway
  • Rail transport

Notes[]

  1. ^ "Pole Road Locomotives of the Early Days," Trains magazine, February 1948
  2. ^ "Sudbury Area Mining Railways". Old Time Trains. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
  3. ^ "Remember This? Did you know there was a railway on St. Joseph Island?". SooToday.com. 15 January 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
  4. ^ "Category:Springfield Railway - HSWwiki". Retrieved 14 April 2021.
  5. ^ "Remains of Nova Scotia's New France". Retrieved 14 April 2021.
  6. ^ Jump up to: a b Rice, Douglas M. Log and Lumber Railroads of New England (3rd edition) The 470 Railroad Club (1982) p.2
  7. ^ "Eagle Lake & West Branch Railroad". Richard N. Symonds, Jr. Retrieved 2012-12-20.
  8. ^ Pike, Robert E. Tall Trees, Tough Men W.W.Norton & Company (1999) ISBN 0393319172 p.164

Sources[]

  • Manfred Hohn, Waldbahnen in Österreich, Verlag Slezak 1989, ISBN 3-85416-148-4
  • L.Reiner/H.Beiler/R.Sliwinski, Die Spiegelauer Forest Railway, Ohetaler Verlag Riedlhütte 2005, ISBN 3-937067-14-0
  • Friedemann Tischer, Die Muskauer Waldeisenbahn, Verlag Kenning, Nordhorn 2003, ISBN 3-933613-63-9

External links[]

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