Fraxinus profunda

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Fraxinus profunda
Fraxinus profunda, RBGE 2008.jpg
Pumpkin ash in the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh

Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Oleaceae
Genus: Fraxinus
Section:
Species:
F. profunda
Binomial name
Fraxinus profunda
(Bush) Bush
Fraxinus profunda range map 1.png
Natural range of Fraxinus profunda
Fraxinus profunda range map 4.png
Close-up of natural range of Fraxinus profunda
Synonyms

Fraxinus tomentosa F.Michx.

Fraxinus profunda, the pumpkin ash, is a species of Fraxinus (ash) native to eastern North America, primarily in the United States, with a scattered distribution on the Atlantic coastal plain and interior lowland river valleys from southern Maryland northwest to Indiana, southeast to northern Florida, and southwest to southeastern Missouri to Louisiana, and also locally in the extreme south of Canada in Essex County, Ontario.[2][3][4][5] The pumpkin ash tree is native to swampland areas. It is a tree that is very important environmentally and economically. Currently, Fraxinus profunda is threatened by the emerald ash borer which is threatening all species of ash trees in North America. The fruits of the pumpkin ash tree are also the largest of all ash trees in eastern North America.

Taxonomy[]

The pumpkin ash tree is a member of the Oleaceae family, and has two synonyms Fraxinus michauxii Britton and Fraxinus tomentosa Michx. f.[6] Benjamin Franklin Bush described the pumpkin ash in 1901.[7] The pumpkin ash tree was erroneously hypothesized to be a fertile cross between Fraxinus pennsylvanica and Fraxinus americana.[8] This tree is also considered to be a hexaploid and has 138 chromosomes.[8] Pumpkin ash was thought to be a cross between Fraxinus pennsylvanica and Fraxinus americana because it shared similarities like abaxial leaf surfaces and how the bark develops as it becomes older.[8] Despite the similarities, it was determined that Fraxinus profunda is a phylogenetically distinct species.[8]

The term pumpkin ash comes from the swollen trunk that can be found at the base of the tree. The other common names of Fraxinus profunda are red ash or swell-butt ash.[9]

Morphology[]

While normally a medium-sized deciduous tree reaching 12–30 m tall with a trunk up to 1 m diameter, the tree can reach 50 m tall with a 4.7 m diameter trunk.[10] The bark is gray, thick and fissured with a diamond pattern on mature trees. The winter buds are dark brown to blackish, with a velvety texture. The leaves are opposite, pinnate, with 7–9 leaflets; each leaf is 25–40 cm long, the leaflets 8–20 cm long and 5–8 cm broad, with a finely toothed margin; they are downy on the underside and along the rachis. The leaflets are stalked, with a short petiolule. Pumpkin ash trees are angiosperms meaning that they have flowers and fruits rather than seeds.[4] The flowers are produced in panicles in spring shortly before the new leaves; they are inconspicuous purplish-green with no petals, and are wind-pollinated. The fruit is a samara; it is the largest of any North American ash species, 5–8 cm long, comprising a single seed with an elongated apical wing 9 mm broad.[4][5][11][9] Fraxinus profunda leaves have a very similar abaxial side as Fraxinus americana.[8] As the pumpkin ash tree grows and becomes older, the bark starts to become solid ridges that are continuous like the white ash.[8]

Like other species in the section Melioides, Fraxinus profunda is dioecious, with male and female flowers produced on separate individuals.[12]

Ecology[]

This tree occurs primarily in swamps. Pumpkin ash is a food plant for the larvae of several species of Lepidoptera; see List of Lepidoptera that feed on ashes. It is also seriously threatened by the invasive Asian emerald ash borer.[11] In 2017, the IUCN assessed the pumpkin ash as Critically Endangered, due to a massive population decline over most of its range due to the emerald ash borer. The emerald ash borer was first discovered in Michigan in 2002.[13] The emerald ash borer attacks the phloem of the pumpkin ash tree.[13] Within a six year period, the EAB can spread quickly and move through local ash tree populations.[13] The pumpkin ash tree is valuable economically and ecologically.[13] Pumpkin ash trees are also susceptible to fire.[4]

Reproduction[]

Fruit production can begin as early as ten years of age.[4] The seeds grow during the summer and are dropped in the early fall.[4] As the seeds fall the most common type of dispersal is through wind, but with pumpkin ash trees growing it wet areas, the seeds can also be dispersed through the water and can survive wet conditions for months.[4]

As a seedling, it thrives in moist soils in openings in the canopy cover.[4] Dense cover does not benefit the young trees and it will grow very quickly in areas that are open with bare ground.[4] Given highlight and moist conditions, the seedling will grow very quickly and can often outgrow other tree species.[4]

Distribution[]

Fraxinus profunda is a wetland and swamp tree. These wetland and swamp areas include land types such as tidal estuary swamps, depressions in coastal plains, floodplain flats, and coastal marshes.[4] The range of the pumpkin ash tree tends to be discontinuous.[8] Its native range is in the swamps and river bottoms as far south as northern Florida, and along the east coast up to southern Virginia.[4] Few pumpkin ash trees can be found in southern parts of Illinois and Indiana, northern parts of Arkansas, and southern parts of Missouri.[4] It has been extirpated from North Carolina, South Carolina, and Florida.

Climate[]

Areas where pumpkin ash trees are found typically have an average rainfall of 40 inches to 48 inches of rain per year.[4] During the growing season, from March to September, the average rainfall is around 26 inches. The temperature in areas with this tree average around 80 degrees F in northern states, and 82 degrees F in the southern states. In the winter season, the average temperatures range from 35 degrees F in northern states and 60 degrees F in southern states.[4] The pumpkin ash can tolerate temperatures as low as -24 degrees F.[6]

Soils[]

Pumpkin ash can grow in wetland soils, including anything from silt loam to clay loam.[4] While pumpkin ash trees are found in moist and wet soils, they tend to grow slowest in these conditions, and they grow the fastest on the higher ridges of the swamp lands that drain more efficiently.[4]

Uses[]

Pumpkin ash trees provide resources for humans and animals such as deer and birds. Birds, like wood ducks, feed on the fruit of a Fraxinus profunda.[4] Deer feed on the twigs and leaves of the pumpkin ash tree, and the humans use the woody parts of the tree as lumber for building.[4] In addition to being used as lumber, the wood of pumpkin ash trees can also be used in tools such as stocks or handles.[13] The wood can also be used as lumber, naval store products, and nursery stock products.[6]

References[]

  1. ^ Jerome, D.; Westwood, M.; Oldfield, S. & Romero-Severson (2016). "Fraxinus profunda". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
  2. ^ "Fraxinus profunda". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 14 January 2018.
  3. ^ Canada Native Plants: Fraxinus profunda
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Harms, W. R. (1990). "Fraxinus profunda". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Hardwoods. Silvics of North America. Washington, D.C.: United States Forest Service (USFS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). 2 – via Southern Research Station (www.srs.fs.fed.us).
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b Ojibway Nature Centre: Trees of Essex County, Ontario
  6. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Plants Profile for Fraxinus profunda (pumpkin ash)". plants.sc.egov.usda.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-18.
  7. ^ "Fraxinus profunda | International Plant Names Index". www.ipni.org. Retrieved 2020-11-18.
  8. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Phytoneuron. 2010–32. Fort Worth, TX: Guy L. Nesom. 2010.
  9. ^ Jump up to: a b Michigan Natural Features Inventory: Fraxinus profunda (pdf file) Archived 2008-01-07 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ Missouri State Champion Trees
  11. ^ Jump up to: a b Virtual Herbarium of the Chicago Region: Fraxinus profunda Archived 2006-10-04 at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ Wallander, Eva (2008). "Systematics of Fraxinus (Oleaceae) and evolution of dioecy". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 273 (1–2): 25–49. doi:10.1007/s00606-008-0005-3. S2CID 24152294.
  13. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Stevens, Micah E.; Pijut, Paula M. (2012-01-01). "Hypocotyl derived in vitro regeneration of pumpkin ash (Fraxinus profunda)". Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture. 108 (1): 129–135. doi:10.1007/s11240-011-0021-9. ISSN 1573-5044. S2CID 401589.
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