GNU Multiple Precision Arithmetic Library

GNU Multiple Precision Arithmetic Library

Developer(s)	GNU Project
Initial release	1991; 30 years ago (1991)[1]
Stable release	6.2.1 (14 November 2020; 10 months ago (2020-11-14)[2])
Repository	gmplib.org/repo/
Written in	C, (C++, assembly optionally)
Type	Mathematical software
License	Dual LGPLv3 and GPLv2[3]
Website	gmplib.org

GNU Multiple Precision Arithmetic Library (GMP) is a free library for arbitrary-precision arithmetic, operating on signed integers, rational numbers, and floating-point numbers.^[3] There are no practical limits to the precision except the ones implied by the available memory (operands may be of up to 2³²−1 bits on 32-bit machines and 2³⁷ bits on 64-bit machines).^[4][5] GMP has a rich set of functions, and the functions have a regular interface. The basic interface is for C, but wrappers exist for other languages, including Ada, C++, C#, Julia, .NET, OCaml, Perl, PHP, Python, R, Ruby, and Rust. Prior to 2008, Kaffe, a Java virtual machine, used GMP to support Java built-in arbitrary precision arithmetic.^[6] Shortly after, GMP support was added to GNU Classpath.^[7]

The main target applications of GMP are cryptography applications and research, Internet security applications, and computer algebra systems.

GMP aims to be faster than any other bignum library for all operand sizes. Some important factors in doing this are:

• Using full words as the basic arithmetic type.
• Using different algorithms for different operand sizes; algorithms that are faster for very big numbers are usually slower for small numbers.
• Highly optimized assembly language code for the most important inner loops, specialized for different processors.

The first GMP release was made in 1991. It is constantly developed and maintained.^[8]

GMP is part of the GNU project (although its website being off gnu.org may cause confusion), and is distributed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL).

GMP is used for integer arithmetic in many computer algebra systems such as Mathematica^[9] and Maple.^[10] It is also used in the Computational Geometry Algorithms Library (CGAL) because geometry algorithms tend to 'explode' when using ordinary floating-point CPU math.^[11]

GMP is needed to build the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC).^[12]

Examples[]

Here is an example of C code showing the use of the GMP library to multiply and print large numbers:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <gmp.h>

int main(void) {
  mpz_t x, y, result;

  mpz_init_set_str(x, "7612058254738945", 10);
  mpz_init_set_str(y, "9263591128439081", 10);
  mpz_init(result);

  mpz_mul(result, x, y);
  gmp_printf("    %Zd\n"
             "*\n"
             "    %Zd\n"
             "--------------------\n"
             "%Zd\n", x, y, result);

  /* free used memory */
  mpz_clear(x);
  mpz_clear(y);
  mpz_clear(result);

  return 0;
}

This code calculates the value of 7612058254738945 × 9263591128439081.

Compiling and running this program gives this result. (The -lgmp flag is used if compiling on Unix-type systems.)

    7612058254738945
*
    9263591128439081
--------------------
70514995317761165008628990709545

For comparison, one can write instead the following equivalent C++ program. (The -lgmpxx -lgmp flags are used if compiling on Unix-type systems.)

#include <iostream>
#include <gmpxx.h>

int main() {
  mpz_class x("7612058254738945");
  mpz_class y("9263591128439081");

  std::cout << "    " << x << "\n"
            << "*\n"
            << "    " << y << "\n"
            << "--------------------\n"
            << x * y << "\n";

  return 0;
}

Language bindings[]

See also[]

• GNU MPFR – a library for arbitrary-precision computations with correct rounding, based on GNU MP
• CLN – a class library for arbitrary precision
• MPIR – a fork of GMP with a mostly compatible interface, which aims to provide an MSVC-based compilation system for Microsoft Windows platforms

References[]

External links[]

• Official website