Gallic Empire

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Gallic Empire
260 AD–274 AD
The Gallic Empire under Tetricus I by 271 (in green), with the Roman Empire (in red) and the Palmyrene Empire (in yellow).
The Gallic Empire under Tetricus I by 271 (in green), with the Roman Empire (in red) and the Palmyrene Empire (in yellow).
CapitalColonia Agrippina (Cologne) (260–271)
Augusta Treverorum (Trier) (271–274)[1]
Common languagesLatin (official)
Regional / local languages
GovernmentMixed, functionally absolute monarchy
Emperor 
• 260–269
Postumus
• 269
Marius
• 269–270
Victorinus
• 270–274
Tetricus I
• 274
Tetricus II
Historical eraLate Antiquity
• Established
260 AD
274 AD
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Vexilloid of the Roman Empire.svg Roman Empire
Roman Empire Vexilloid of the Roman Empire.svg

The Gallic Empire[a] or the Gallic Roman Empire are names used in modern historiography for a breakaway part of the Roman Empire that functioned de facto as a separate state from 260 to 274.[b] It originated during the Crisis of the Third Century, when a series of Roman military leaders and aristocrats declared themselves emperors and took control of Gaul and adjacent provinces without attempting to conquer Italy or otherwise seize the central Roman administrative apparatus.[7]

It was established by Postumus in 260 in the wake of barbarian invasions and instability in Rome, and at its height included the territories of Germania, Gaul, Britannia, and (for a time) Hispania. After Postumus' assassination in 269 it lost much of its territory, but continued under a number of emperors and usurpers. It was retaken by Roman emperor Aurelian after the Battle of Châlons in 274.

History[]

Origins[]

The Roman Crisis of the Third Century continued as the Emperor Valerian was defeated and captured by the Sasanian Empire of Persia in the Battle of Edessa, together with a large part of the Roman field army in the east. This left his son Gallienus in very shaky control. Shortly thereafter, the Palmyrene leader Odaenathus gained control of a wide swath of the east, including Egypt, Syria, Judea, and Arabia Petraea; while he was nominally loyal to the Roman government, his domain was de facto independent and has come to be referred to as the Palmyrene Empire.

The governors in Pannonia staged unsuccessful local revolts. The Emperor left for the Danube to attend to their disruption. This left Postumus, who was governor of Germania Superior and Inferior, in charge at the Rhine border. An exceptional administrator, Postumus had also ably protected Germania Inferior against an invasion led by the Franks in the summer of 260. In fact, Postumus defeated the Frankish forces at Empel so decisively that there would be no further Germanic raids for 10 years. This all would have combined to make Postumus one of the most powerful men in the western reaches of the Roman Empire.

The Gallic Empire at its greatest territorial extent, after its creation by Postumus in 260.

Gallienus's son Saloninus and the praetorian prefect Silvanus remained at Colonia Agrippina (Cologne), to keep the young heir out of danger and perhaps also as a check on Postumus' ambitions. Before long, however, Postumus besieged Colonia Agrippina and put the young heir and his guardian to death, making his revolt official. Postumus is thought to have established his capital here or at Augusta Treverorum (Trier);[8] Lugdunum (Lyon) was one of the most important cities in the area under his control.

Postumus did not make any effort to extend his control into Italy or to depose Gallienus. Instead, he established parallel institutions modeled on the Roman Empire's central government: his regime had its own praetorian guard, two annually elected consuls (not all of the names have survived), and probably its own senate. According to the numismatic evidence, Postumus himself held the office of consul five times.

Coin of Tetricus, last emperor (271–274) of the Gallic Empire

Postumus successfully fended off a military incursion by Gallienus in 263, and was never challenged by him again. However, in early 269 he was challenged by Laelianus, who was probably one of his own commanders and was declared emperor at Mogontiacum (Mainz) by his Legio XXII Primigenia. Postumus quickly retook Mogontiacum and Laelianus was killed. In the aftermath of the battle, however, Postumus himself was overthrown and killed by his own troops, reportedly because he did not allow them to sack the city.[9][10]

After Postumus[]

Marius was installed as Emperor upon Postumus's death, but died very shortly after; ancient sources writing much later state that he reigned only two days, though it is more likely, based on the numismatic record, that he reigned for a few months.[11] Subsequently, Victorinus came to power, being recognized as Emperor in northern Gaul and Britannia, but not in Hispania.[12] Gallienus had been killed in a coup in 268, and his successor in the central Roman provinces, Claudius Gothicus, re-established Roman authority in Gallia Narbonensis and parts of Gallia Aquitania; there is some evidence that the provinces of Hispania, which did not recognize Postumus's successors in Gaul, may have realigned with Rome then.[12][13]

Victorinus spent most of his reign dealing with insurgencies and attempting to recover the Gaulish territories taken by Claudius Gothicus. He was assassinated in 271, but his mother Victoria took control of his troops and used her power to influence the selection of his successor.[12] With Victoria's support, Tetricus was made Emperor, and was recognized in Britannia and the parts of Gaul that had recognized Victorinus.[14] Tetricus fought off Germanic barbarians who had begun ravaging Gaul after the death of Victorinus, and was able to re-take Gallia Aquitania and western Gallia Narbonensis while Claudius Gothicus's successor Aurelian was in the east fighting the Palmyrene Empire, now in open revolt against Roman authority under Queen Zenobia. Tetricus established the imperial court at Trier, and in 273 he elevated his son, also named Tetricus, to the rank of Caesar. The following year the younger Tetricus was made co-consul with his father, but the area under their control grew weak from internal strife, including a mutiny led by the usurper Faustinus.[14] By that time Aurelian had defeated the Palmyrene Empire and had made plans to reconquer the west. He moved into Gaul and defeated Tetricus at the Battle of Châlons in 274; according to some sources, Tetricus offered to surrender in exchange for clemency for him and his son before the battle.[14] This detail may be later propaganda, but either way, Aurelian was victorious, and the Gallic Empire was effectively ended.[14] In contrast with his propaganda after the recent defeat of Zenobia, Aurelian did not present his recapture of Gaul as a victory over a foreign enemy, and indeed many officials who had served in the army and administration of the Gallic Empire continued their careers—including Tetricus, who was appointed to an administrative post in Italy.[7]

Causes[]

The Gallic Empire was symptomatic of the fragmentation of power during the third-century crisis. It has also been taken to represent autonomous trends in the western provinces, including proto-feudalistic tendencies among the Gaulish land-owning class whose support has sometimes been thought to have underpinned the strength of the Gallic Empire,[15] and an interplay between the strength of Roman institutions and the growing salience of provincial concerns.[16] One of Postumus' primary objectives as emperor was evidently the defence of the Germanic frontier; in 261 he repelled mixed groups of Franks and Alamanni to hold the Rhine limes secure (though lands beyond the upper Rhine and Danube had to be abandoned to the barbarians within a couple of years).[17] In so doing, Postumus positioned himself avowedly as not only the defender and restorer of Gaul, but also as the upholder of the Roman name.[8][c]

The usurpation of power over Britain and northern Gaul by Carausius just twenty years later reflects a continuing trend by which local loyalties from the landed aristocracy and deteriorating morale in the legions enabled Carausius to seize power in Britain.[citation needed] Similarly with the withdrawal of legions after 408, many Britons desired a localized Roman authority rather than nationalist revolt. The desire for Roman order and institutions was entirely compatible with a degree of national or regional separatism.

List of Gallic Emperors[]

The Gallic Emperors are known primarily from the coins they minted.[18] The political and military history of the Gallic Empire can be sketched through the careers of these emperors. Their names are as follows:[19]

Consuls of the Gallic Empire[]

Year Consul Consul
260 Postumus (second time)[21] [22]
261 Postumus (third time)[21] unknown[23]
262 unknown[23]
263
264
265 Postumus (fourth time)[21]
266
267 unknown[23]
269 Postumus (fifth time)[23] Victorinus (first time)[23]
269 unknown[23] unknown[23]
270 Victorinus (second time)[21] Sanctus[23]
271 Tetricus (first time)[21] unknown[23]
272 Tetricus (second time)[21]
273 Tetricus (third time)[21]
Year and sequence unknown:
? Censor (twice)[23] Lepidus (twice)[23]
? Dialis[23] Bassus[23]
? "Apr."[23] "Ruf."[23]

Family tree[]

Laelianus
269		Postumus
260-269		Marcus Aurelius Marius
269		Victoria
271		Tetricus I
271-274
Postumus Junior
260-269		Victorinus
268-271		Tetricus II
271-274
Victorinus Junior
271

See also[]

Notes[]

  1. ^ The regime had no distinct name or style that has survived on official monuments, inscriptions or coins; its titles and administrative structures followed the models of the central Roman government.[2] Occasionally modern historians use the Latin phrase Imperium Galliarum to refer to the state, derived from a passage in Eutropius: Victorinus postea Galliarum accepit imperium, "Victorinus took command of the Gallic provinces".[3]
  2. ^ The year of Postumus' accession was either 259 or 260. In the past, the year 259 was favoured; today, however, most scholars consider that the summer or fall of 260 is the more likely date that Postumus was hailed emperor.[4][5] The exact dating depends on several factors, including when the emperor Valerian was captured and disgraced. Other dates cited in this article must be pushed forward by one year for those who take 259 as the year of Postumus' accession.[6]
  3. ^ Gallic emperors are called adsertores Romani nominis in the Historia Augusta.

References[]

  1. ^ Bourne, R. J. (2001) Aspects of the relationship between the Central and Gallic Empires in the mid to late third century AD with special reference to coinage studies. Archaeopress. p. 22.
  2. ^ Drinkwater 1987, pp. 126–7.
  3. ^ Drinkwater 1987, p. 15.
  4. ^ Polfer (Postumus)
  5. ^ Drinkwater 1987, p. 97.
  6. ^ Drinkwater 1987, pp. 95–106.
  7. ^ Jump up to: a b Goldsworthy, Adrian (2009). The Fall of the West. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 116–7.
  8. ^ Jump up to: a b Drinkwater 1987, pp. 24–27.
  9. ^ Aurelius Victor 33.8.
  10. ^ Eutropius 9.9.1.
  11. ^ Polfer, Michael (June 24, 1999). "Marius (A.D. 269)". De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and Their Families. Retrieved July 10, 2009.
  12. ^ Jump up to: a b c Polfer, Michel (June 3, 2000). "Victorinus (A.D. 269–271)". De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and Their Families. Retrieved July 10, 2009.
  13. ^ Weigel, Richard D. (June 19, 2001). "Claudius II Gothicus (268–270)". De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and Their Families. Retrieved July 10, 2009.
  14. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Polfer, Michel (January 28, 2000). "Tetricus I (AD 271–273)". De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and Their Families. Retrieved July 10, 2009.
  15. ^ Drinkwater 1987, p. 239.
  16. ^ Drinkwater 1987, pp. 247–8.
  17. ^ Drinkwater 1987, pp. 226–7.
  18. ^ Drinkwater 1987, p. 16.
  19. ^ Drinkwater 1987, p. 102.
  20. ^ Richard Abdy. "The Domitian II coin from Chalgrove: a Gallic emperor returns to history". Retrieved 29 October 2013.
  21. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Drinkwater (1987), p. 188.
  22. ^ Potter (2004), p. 260
  23. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Polfer, Michel (2000), "Postumus (A.D. 260-269)", De Imperatoribus Romanis

Bibliography[]

  • Drinkwater, J. F. (1987). The Gallic Empire: Separatism and Continuity in the north-western provinces of the Roman Empire, A.D. 260-274. Stuttgart: Steiner. ISBN 978-3515048064.

External links[]

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