Gekokujō

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Japanese troops during the February 26 Incident

Gekokujō (下克上, also 下剋上) is a Japanese word which refers to someone of a lower position overthrowing someone of a higher position using military or political might, seizing power.^[1] It is variously translated as "the lower rules the higher" or "the low overcomes the high".^[2]

History[]

The term originated from Sui dynasty China. In Japan, it came into use during the Kamakura period.^{[citation needed]}

Instances of gekokujō date back to the Sengoku period. Through the chaotic political climate of the era, Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi were able to create fervour and acquire political and military power. In 1588, Hideyoshi ordered the sword hunt, a nationwide confiscation of weapons, to try and prevent further insurrection.^[3] After the shogunate was established, social mobility and the freedom of soldiers and farmers was restricted to try and prevent further gekokujō.^[4] The Tokugawa shogunate adopted a Confucian system of social stratification, which put all members of society into distinct groups, making it nigh impossible for anyone to leave their given social class.^[5]

During the Showa Period, repeated acts of gekokujō influenced the Japanese government, creating an ultranationalist and aggressive foreign policy in the process. The Imperial Way Faction were responsible for attempting to assassinate many public figures in the 1920s, including the visiting Charlie Chaplin, but were given light prison sentences because they received public support.^[6] Inspired by the Imperial Way Faction, the Kwantung Army orchestrated the Mukden Incident, leading to the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931.^[6] British correspondent Hugh Byas describe the phenomenon as "government by assassination".^[7] Masanobu Tsuji (辻 政信) was a well known supporter of extreme gekokujō during World War II.^[8]

In art[]

• The February 26 Incident is prominently portrayed as an example of gekokujō in Yukio Mishima's Modernist short story "Patriotism", and serves as the backdrop for the events of the narrative.^[9]

See also[]

• Saigō Takamori
• Underdog

References[]

• "gekokujō". Japan: An Illustrated Encyclopedia. Volume 1: A–L. Tokyo: Kodansha. p. 447. ISBN 4062064898. OCLC 76078619. Since the medieval period mid-12th–14th centuries) writers have used the term to describe a variety of situations in which established authority was being challenged from below, such as the coup plots and insubordination the 1930s (see February 26 Incident; Militarism). |volume= has extra text (help)

Further reading[]

• Sources of Japanese Tradition Volume 2 compiled by William T. de Bary, Carol Gluck and Arthur E. Tiedemann