Gheorghe Eminescu

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Gheorghe Eminescu
Gheorghe Eminescu.png
Photograph of Eminescu, ca. 1930
Born(1890-05-31)31 May 1890
Mizil, Kingdom of Romania
Died6 June 1988(1988-06-06) (aged 98)
Iancului, Bucharest, Communist Romania
Allegiance Romania
Service/branchRomanian Army Flag - 1921 used model.svg Romanian Land Forces
Years of servicec. 1915–1944
RankLocotenent-colonel rank insignia (Kingdom of Romania).svg Lieutenant Colonel
Commands held2nd Machine Gunners Company in the 35th Infantry Regiment
Battles/warsRomanian Front of World War I

Romanian military intervention in Bessarabia

Tatarbunary Uprising
AwardsVirtutea Ostășească, First Class
Spouse(s)Elena Labunțeva
ChildrenYolanda Eminescu
RelationsMihai Eminescu (paternal uncle)
(maternal uncle)
Other workHistorian, memoirist, factory owner
SignatureGheorghe Eminescu's signature, 1979.svg

Gheorghe Matei Eminescu (31 May 1890 – 6 June 1988) was a Romanian historian, memoirist and Land Forces officer. The posthumous nephew of national poet Mihai Eminescu, he was born to Captain Matei Eminescu; on his mother's side, he was also the nephew of Mizil politician . He fought in the Romanian campaigns of World War I, commanding a machine gunners' unit during the defense of Mărășești, and later participating in the 1918 expedition to Bessarabia. Eminescu remained there for some 15 years, commanding units on Romania's border with the Soviet Union and eventually rising to the position of Lieutenant Colonel. After passing into the reserves, he owned a factory in Brăila.

Eminescu was sidelined and imprisoned following the establishment of Communist Romania, though his daughter, Yolanda, was able to integrate within the academic elite. After his release, he dedicated himself fully to historical and literary research, being commanded especially as a Romania expert on Napoleon Bonaparte—though he also completed a work on his famous uncle and his family, as a subject on which he would lecture on into his final years. His more secretive activity included recollections of his wartime and interwar activities, which were preserved in samizdat by several friends, including communist official . His daughter Yolanda was a noted female judge and academic in Romania, while his granddaughter Roxana settled in France to join the teaching staff at the University of Western Brittany.

Biography[]

Origins and childhood[]

Gheorghe Eminescu belonged to the boyar aristocracy of Moldavia through both his paternal grandparents. His grandmother Raluca Iurașcu was from an "immemorial boyar house", and reportedly viewed herself as of higher birth than her husband, Gheorghe Eminovici.[1] The latter, who owned land in Ipotești, had a more disputed origin—he saw himself as having origins in the Swedish Empire, with an officer who had escaped to Moldavia after the Battle of Poltava (1709).[2] Literary historians from N. Petrașcu to have more often argued that the name "Eminovici" suggests a Turkish or Armenian ancestor.[3] Scholar Dimitrie Vatamaniuc questions their approach, and proposes that the family, originally Iminovits or Iminovici, originated in the Principality of Transylvania, but had fled to the more permissive province of Bukovina in protest against communion with Rome.[4] Also rejecting claims that Eminovici was a foreign name, the Lieutenant Colonel's father Matei Eminescu noted his descent from Moldavian peasants, raised into the boyardom by Prince Grigore Sturdza in 1841. According to his notes, the conferring of nobility upon the Eminovicis was whimsical, and probably facilitated through acts of corruption.[5] He also reports that Mihai Eminescu himself "was rather uncertain that our father was full-blooded Romanian", though declaring himself "as Romanian as they ever get in Ipotești" through his mother's roots.[6]

The family was proudly right-wing, and committed to voting for the Conservative Party after the latter was established in 1880.[7] Captain Matei or Mateiu Eminescu (1856–1929) was both the youngest and the longest lived of the eight Eminescu siblings who survived past childhood.[8] Unlike his elder brothers, he did not pursue his education in Austria-Hungary. Also unlike them, he dedicated himself to a career in the Romanian Army, serving with distinction in the Romanian War of Independence before resigning in June 1892.[9] He was for long uninterested in literary pursuits of any kind, preferring to read on topics such as horticulture and home economics.[10] However, in the 1890s he became engaged in a protracted legal battle with editor Titu Maiorescu and the over the copyrights to Mihai Eminescu's poetic works, and curated his own selection from them.[11]

Eminovici family arms, as reported by heraldist Traian Larionescul

Captain Matei had by then married and divorced twice. His first wife was Matilda Ilian, a history teacher in Brăila; their son Victor-Ion, whom Matei repudiated, became a journalist,[12] after first training as a lawyer.[13] Moving to Mizil, the Captain remarried in 1890 Ana Condeescu. Though a homemaker who satisfied her husband's requirements for cleanliness and good child-rearing,[14] she had followed her brother's advice and attempted to enlist at the Iași Medical School in 1888.[15] According to scholar Augustin Z. N. Pop, she was the granddaughter or niece of politician —who, Pop notes, had a literary fame of his own, as the inspiration for Ion Luca Caragiale's play, .[16] This is corrected by Gheorghe's own account, according to whom Leonida was in fact Ana's brother.[17] Gheorghe's actual grandfather, on this side, was Costache Condu. Originally of Vadu Săpat, he had started a soap manufacturing business and the Mizil gristmill, while himself turning to Conservative politics.[18] Costache's son Leonida followed in his footsteps and, seen by Caragiale as the "most devoted and loyal" Conservative,[19] took 90% of the vote during the .[20]

The Eminescus were divorced in November 1892, due to Matei's "violence and austerity"; four children had been born to them: Lelia-Sapho, Ecaterina, Hanibal, and Gheorghe.[21] Literary historians record Gheorghe Eminescu's birth as occurring on 1 June 1890,[22] while the birth certificate, though completed on that day, reports the preceding evening of 31 May. The document also gives his birthplace as Mizil, in the home of his maternal grandfather Costache.[23] This was almost a year after Mihai Eminescu's death, with Gheorghe being sometimes credited as his only nephew.[24] He was baptized Romanian Orthodox at the Cathedral of Ploiești. His first name was chosen in memory of his Eminovici grandfather.[25] His parents reunited in 1896, but divorced again in July 1898.[26] While his father took petty jobs as a Subprefect, then withdrew to collect his pension in Turnu Severin, Gheorghe spent his early years in his grandfather's home at Mizil.[27] Matei ultimately remarried a third and final time, to the Transylvanian Silvia Maieru, occasionally receiving his children in their new home.[28] Of these, Lelia-Sapho died as a toddler in July 1896; Hanibal also died at age sixteen (in October 1911), having been diagnosed with Graves' disease.[29]

Shortly after winning the election,[30] Mayor Condeescu took Gheorghe and his siblings to meet Caragiale in Vadu Săpat, where they gathered for a party. He recalled being unimpressed at the time, since he only knew of Caragiale as a tenant and restaurateur.[31] His father the Captain always held a grudge against Caragiale, recounting an incident in which the latter had stolen some political documents from Mihai. In his later years, Gheorghe Eminescu vouched for his father's account, against literary historian Șerban Cioculescu, who suspected it was a fabrication.[32]

Army career and persecution[]

Eminescu followed his father's career in the arms—though, as he later confessed to literary historian Anghel Popa, he felt no special calling for it, and had always favored literature.[33] He also noted that he was mediocre as a high school student. Despite being in a class overseen by literary scholar Gheorghe Bogdan-Duică and childhood friends with poet Agatha Bacovia, he never even wrote a work in verse. His teacher was amazed at Gheorghe Eminescu's poor grades, noting: "too bad for that name you carry."[34] During his subsequent military training, Eminescu developed a lifelong friendship with Gheorghe Mihail, the future Army General.[35] He graduated from a military academy just as Romania was entering World War I.[36] A Sublieutenant at the time, Eminescu then fought in the 35th Infantry Regiment during the Romanian Campaign,[37] seeing action in Dobruja and the Battle of the Argeș,[36] then withdrawing into Western Moldavia. He earned distinction in the defense of Mărășești, serving under poet ; he took command of the 2nd Machine Gunners Company when both Naum and the company commander, Radu Nicolae, were killed in action.[38]

Eminescu was stationed in Bessarabia following the Romanian expedition of 1918. Advanced to Lieutenant, in late 1918 he commanded the Gunners' Company of Bălți, stationed in 's townhouse; he answered to Colonel Victor Bacaloglu, a fellow writer. It was in these circumstances that he witnessed the Khotyn Uprising (which he regarded as a Bolshevik incursion) and its aftermath.[39] His notes on these events report that the quashing was brutal: he personally witnessed an incident during which Captain Mociulschi shot a railway signalman, accused of having assisted a partisans' raid on Ocnița.[40] The following twenty years saw the territorial consolidation of Greater Romania, which he regarded as a fulfillment of a personal and national ideal.[41]

For his wartime service, Eminescu, who spent another 14 years in Bessarabia,[42] was awarded the medal Virtutea Ostășească, First Class.[36] Much of the interwar years, and overall as many as thirty years of Eminescu's life,[43] were spent researching Napoleon's life. He was in charge of guarding the Bessarabian border between Romania and the Soviet Union, first as a company commander in Cetatea Albă, then as the leader of a battalion in Ismail (overseeing the section of the border between Galați and Tighina).[44] In September 1924, he was confronted with the Tatarbunary Uprising, which was instigated by the Soviets, and during which his battalion lost three men. Eminescu would later argue that the violent outcome could have been averted, had Romanian commanders placed more trust in intelligence reports.[45]

By the time of World War II, Gheorghe Eminescu commanded the border guards of Brăila, as a Lieutenant Colonel; he also taught military history to young cadets.[46] His father had unusually moved in 1924 to Bistrița, in newly acquired Transylvania—as the only Eminescu ever to settle in that area; he spent the remainder of his life there, up to his death from pneumonia in December 1929.[47] His wife survived him and, in 1940, was living "in seclusion, on a small and narrow street in Cluj".[48] The Lieutenant Colonel's half-brother, Victor, had moved to Bucharest with his two daughters. All three were reportedly living in extreme poverty by the start of World War II.[49]

In 1921, Gheorghe's wife, Elena Labunțeva,[46][50] gave birth to a daughter, Yolanda (or Iolanda) Eminescu. The Labunțev family was originally from Șaba, Cetatea Albă County.[51] During 1938, Yolanda was in Fascist Italy, studying at the Summer University for foreign students.[52] She graduated with high honors from the University of Bucharest Faculty of Law in 1944.[53] After the 1940–1941 Soviet takeover of Bessarabia, Eminescu's father-in-law, Ștefan Labunțev, remained in occupied territory, while Ștefan's wife Maria joined the Eminescus in Brăila.[51] In 1944, the Lieutenant Colonel had passed into the reserves, and, alongside Captain Petre Penescu, was running "G. Eminescu & Co.", which owned a nail-making factory in Brăila.[54]

Eminescu's life changed upon the close of World War II, as Bessarabia was again incorporated with the Soviet Union and Romania herself came under a communist regime. A samizdat he bequeathed to Popa describes his sense of having been part of the accursed "generation of 1916", destined to both bring about Greater Romania and then see its downfall. He also notes his bewilderment at having grown up between an age when the British Empire seemed indestructible and one in which "communism took over one third of the globe."[55] The regime, backed by Soviet occupation troops until 1957, inaugurated a clampdown on dissent, which resulted in Eminescu's dishonorable discharge and arrest in 1947.[46] During the searching of his place, his Napoleon manuscripts were also confiscated.[31] He was released in 1954, after carrying out his 7-year term in jail.[46] In later years, he mentioned having done "hard time in jail, but without going into further details."[56] In the early 1950s, he was held at Jilava prison, in the narrow place designated as Șerpăria (the "Snake Place"); fellow inmate Ion Deboveanu recalls that Eminescu's sleeping area had a width of only 25 centimeters (10 inches).[57] Deboveanu also notes that he used to entertain cellmates with stories about his father and his uncle.[57] Other reports place Eminescu in Aiud prison, alongside old-regime figures such as Istrate Micescu, Nichifor Crainic, and Radu Gyr,[58] and finally as a laborer at Ocnele Mari, Vâlcea County, and at Peninsula, on the Danube–Black Sea Canal.[52]

Meanwhile, the Soviet occupation went in tandem with the Soviet incorporation of Bessarabia (as the Moldavian SSR). During the mid 1950s, the Romanian Ukrainian Constantin Popovici was in Romania as part of the KGB staff, while preparing his literary biography of Mihai Eminescu. To this end, he approached Gheorghe Eminescu, with whom he had a "long correspondence".[59] Eminescu's daughter, appointed in 1945 as one of Romania's first three female judges, became an academic in 1949, focusing on international copyright law.[53][52] During her father's imprisonment, she was sidelined and repeatedly interrogated. She was only allowed back as a researcher in 1954, and could advance professionally after 1965.[52] In 1947, she had given birth to daughter Roxana, whose father was the ophthalmologist Ștefan Stătescu.[60] After marrying fellow jurist ,[61] Yolanda joined the ranks of the communist nomeklatura. According to Anghel Popa, this is what allowed her to lecture at Western universities, where Gheorghe's granddaughter was also educated.[62] According to her own memoirs, she was continously harassed by agents of the Securitate (Communist Romania's secret police), including one of her father's case workers.[52]

Historian and memoirist[]

Eminescu's granddaughter, Roxana Eminescu, in 2011

By the 1970s, Eminescu had moved with Elena, his wife of 60 years, into a home on Laurențiu Claudian Street, in the eastern Bucharest neighborhood of Iancului. He lived a secluded existence under the Nicolae Ceaușescu regime and its national communism—maintaining a private "cult of Greater Romania, of [his uncle] The Poet, and of Napoleon", receiving regular visits from Popa and from his wartime orderly, Marin Stan.[63] By his own estimations, he owned the largest book collection in Romania, which Yolanda supplied with most of what had been published in French about the Napoleonic era.[64] His other interest was in documenting the life of his famous uncle, but met with the rigors of communist censorship. As Popa recalls, he was noticeably upset that his uncle had been deemed a "Moldovan" poet in the Soviet Union—where poems such as Doina, which stated his Romanian nationalism, had been left "forgotten".[65] In 1973, with help from the local schoolteachers' union, he published in Deva a collection of primary sources, Profil eminescian ("Eminescian Profile").[24][66] In April of that year, he began corresponding with literary historian , discussing his other work, in Napoleonic studies.[46] A long-time member of Ion Hangiu's Society of Romanian Philologists,[67] he traveled annually to Ipotești to take part in commemorations of Mihai Eminescu's death. He stopped doing so in 1979, when the regime allowed I. D. Marian to publish an Eminescu monograph that the Lieutenant Colonel saw as blasphemous. He expressed his revolt in a short article, which was allowed for print in România Literară.[68]

The Lieutenant Colonel was again able to focus on writing about Napoleon, which resulted in a 1973 monograph that Deboveanu calls "one of the most important Romanian contributions to the personality study of France's hero."[57] The manuscript had been registered with Editura Academiei by the time of Napoleon's bicentennial in 1969, but its publication was delayed.[69] The work was positively reviewed by the local press, and sent by Eminescu to Napoléon VI, who offered his praise and gratitude in a letter to the author.[70] A derivative monograph, detailing the French Revolution and Napoleon's career between Valmy and Waterloo, was sent for review at of Iași. This was after Eminescu had refused contracts with and Editura Militară, finding the latter to be especially dislikable. During the negotiations with Junimea, he was persuaded to include commentary that would contextualize the Reign of Terror, and to review the conflict between Danton and Robespierre as one of ideology, rather than character.[46] The book was never published, since, as Eminescu found out through literary critic Constantin Ciopraga, the manuscript was mishandled and lost.[71] Eminescu himself was convinced that the editorial director had hidden the work, and that he intended to have it published under Corneliu Sturzu's name, once Eminescu had died. As a sign of protest, he would never allow his work to be published in Sturzu's journal, Convorbiri Literare.[72]

While trying to rewrite his lost manuscript, Eminescu also finished another one, dedicated to the French Revolution. As he argued in his letters to Husar, it was to be Romania's "first original work on the topic", and also "my own leading work"—he worried that "one of the numerous pseudo-historians who can't stomach me" would end up rejecting it.[46] This contribution was indeed never published, and neither was his play about the life and times of Joseph Fouché.[73] From 1976 on, he was absorbed by work on his samizdat memoirs, well aware that, especially given their accounts of political and military affairs in Bessarabia, "no publishing house would even bother with them."[46] Eventually persuaded that Ceaușescu's communism would enter a more liberal phase and that historical writing would be allowed to take place outside "conjectural canons",[74] he sent some of the more politically charged fragments to be read and kept by a communist potentate and social scientist, . Some parts were delivered to other admirers, while the more innocuous chapters remained in the Eminescu home.[75]

During that interval, Roxana Eminescu studied linguistics with Iorgu Iordan. She specialized in Portuguese literature, after being introduced to the poetry of Fernando Pessoa by a member of the Portuguese Communist Party, who was living in exile in Romania.[60] She was also known locally for having introduced Fernando Arrabal's plays to Romania in the late 1970s (when she devised anti-censorship mechanisms by presenting him as a political author),[76] but recalls being pressured by Ceaușescu's Securitate into becoming a spy. In order to escape this constraint, in 1981 she left with a student visa to Lisbon, where she ultimately defected. After gaining employment at the University of Lisbon, she decided to leave for France, and obtained French citizenship.[60] She had married a twin brother of actress Aimée Iacobescu, from whom she has a son, Ion Teodor Eminescu-Iacobescu (born 1985).[77]

In 1982, Gheorghe Eminescu was interviewed by poet Corneliu Vadim Tudor, who wrote that he bore a "striking resemblance" to his uncle, "which only the white hair and blue eyes of this old man will refute." As the Lieutenant Colonel noted in that interview, he had by then donated all of his family memorabilia to Augustin Z. N. Pop.[78] One of Eminescu's last published contributions, included in the third issue of Limba și Literatura Română in 1981, was an autobiographical record of his participation in the battle of Mărășești; in 1986, he revised for print a second edition of his Napoleon biography.[79] An article describing the final decay of the Ancien Régime appeared in Magazin Istoric in July 1987, with a biographical note introducing him as a "historical writer" and the "nephew of our great national poet".[36] In January 1984, he returned to Mizil, where he was interviewed by writer George Stoian.[31] Also that month, he was in Slobozia, where his unscripted lecture at Eminesciana Festival was also recorded for posterity.[80]

A heavy smoker, throughout the 1980s Eminescu was suffering from infections of the airways and lungs, which finally caused his death on 6 June 1988[81] (reportedly, this occurred in his Claudian Street home, where he had lived as a widower since October 1984).[82] He was survived by his daughter (who died in 1998, four years after her husband), and by his granddaughter Roxana, who had achieved tenure at the University of Western Brittany.[83] The latter described herself as a "profoundly left-wing woman" and a "true atheist", noting that she had no intention of ever returning to Romania, which she described as a land of "bigotry".[60] She added: "Ceușescuism has not turned me into a conservative, nor a nationalist, nor an anticommunist."[60] In late 1989, Roxana Eminescu signed her name to a protest against Ceaușescu, publicized through Radio Free Europe.[84] These events were shortly followed by the Romanian Revolution, which toppled communism—also lifting censorship of Gheorghe Eminescu's manuscripts. In 1995, the Ministry of Culture sponsored an edition of his memoirs, though, for reasons not explained, these only featured parts not in the Eminescus' possession.[85] His recollections of the Khotyn Uprising appeared in ARCA magazine in 1996.[86]

Notes[]

  1. ^ Pop, pp. 249, 259–260
  2. ^ Pop, p. 281; Vatamaniuc, p. 127
  3. ^ Vatamaniuc, pp. 127–129, 137
  4. ^ Vatamaniuc, passim
  5. ^ Pop, pp. 248–249, 260, 272
  6. ^ Pop, p. 271
  7. ^ Pop, p. 250
  8. ^ Pop, pp. 221, 256–257, 261–262
  9. ^ Pop, pp. 221–236. See also Vadim Tudor & Eminescu, passim
  10. ^ Pop, pp. 250–251
  11. ^ Pop, pp. 239–248
  12. ^ Pop, pp. 235, 236, 295
  13. ^ Mureșanu, p. 12
  14. ^ Pop, p. 236
  15. ^ Niculescu, p. 56
  16. ^ Pop, pp. 236, 295
  17. ^ "Fără Eminescu am fi mai săraci", p. 6
  18. ^ Niculescu, p. 55
  19. ^ "Fără Eminescu am fi mai săraci", p. 6
  20. ^ Niculescu, pp. 55–56
  21. ^ Pop, pp. 236, 299–301. See also "Fără Eminescu am fi mai săraci", p. 6
  22. ^ Iancu, p. 103; Popa, p. 739
  23. ^ Pop, p. 300
  24. ^ a b Iosif E. Naghiu, "Din scrierile lui Matei Eminescu despre Mihai Eminescu și contemporanii săi", in Hierasus, Vol. II, 1979, p. 380
  25. ^ "Fără Eminescu am fi mai săraci", p. 6
  26. ^ Pop, p. 236
  27. ^ Pop, pp. 239, 251
  28. ^ Pop, pp. 239, 251–252, 278, 303
  29. ^ Pop, pp. 251, 301–302
  30. ^ "Fără Eminescu am fi mai săraci", p. 7
  31. ^ a b c "Un Eminescu al Mizilului. Din amintirile colonelului Gheorghe Eminescu, înregistrate de scriitorul George Stoian, în ianuarie 1984", in Fereastra, Vol. X, Issue 1, January 2013, p. 4
  32. ^ Vadim Tudor & Eminescu, p. 47
  33. ^ Popa, pp. 739, 742
  34. ^ "Fără Eminescu am fi mai săraci", p. 6
  35. ^ Popa, p. 742
  36. ^ a b c d Biographical note to Gheorghe Eminescu, "1774–1789. Monarhia franceză încearcă să se salveze", in Magazin Istoric, July 1987, p. 39
  37. ^ Popa, p. 741
  38. ^ Popa, p. 741
  39. ^ Moisa, p. 161
  40. ^ Moisa, p. 162
  41. ^ Popa, pp. 739–740
  42. ^ Iancu, pp. 103–104
  43. ^ Popa, p. 742
  44. ^ Neagoe et al., p. 246
  45. ^ Neagoe et al., p. 245
  46. ^ a b c d e f g h (in Romanian) Iulian Negrilă, "Restituiri. Gheorghe Eminescu – corespondență inedită (1895–1988)", in Revista ARCA, Vol. XXIV, Issues 1–3, 2013
  47. ^ Pop, pp. 251–252, 303
  48. ^ Mureșanu, p. 11
  49. ^ Mureșanu, p. 13
  50. ^ Iancu, p. 104
  51. ^ a b "Comunicate și circulări ministeriale. Ministerul Justiției. Tribunalul Brăila", in Monitorul Oficial, Issue 20/1941, p. 393
  52. ^ a b c d e Livia Ciupercă, "Yolanda Eminescu – 100", in Climate Literare, Vol. 15, Issue 136, April 2021, p. 29
  53. ^ a b M. D., "File din istoria I.C.J.: Iolanda Eminescu, laureat al Premiului 'Stelian Bonea' al Academiei Române (1943)", in Studii și Cercetări Juridice, Vol. 7, Issue 1, January–March 2018, p. 87
  54. ^ "Anunțuri oficiale", in Monitorul Oficial, Issue 4/1945, p. 62
  55. ^ Popa, pp. 739–740
  56. ^ Popa, p. 741
  57. ^ a b c Ion Deboveanu, "I-am cunoscut după gratii", in Magazin Istoric, August 1994, p. 93
  58. ^ Claudia Voiculescu, "Remember, Istrate Micescu", in Caietele Columna, Vol. XIII, Issue 67, 2012, p. 18
  59. ^ Maria Șleahtițchi, "Receptarea lui Eminescu în Basarabia. Abordări secvențiale", in Studii Eminescologice, Vol. 16, 2014, pp. 21–22
  60. ^ a b c d e (in Romanian) Oana Popițiu, "Interviu cu Roxana Eminescu, descendenta marelui poet Mihai Eminescu: 'Goana după bani, disprețul pentru valorile intelectuale, care este pâinea noastră europeană cea de toate zilele, o trăiesc cu sigurantă mai usor printre străini decât printre ai mei'", in Observatorul, 13 May 2007
  61. ^ Iancu, pp. 103, 104
  62. ^ Popa, p. 746
  63. ^ Popa, pp. 740–741
  64. ^ Popa, p. 742
  65. ^ Popa, p. 741
  66. ^ Ileana Lascu, "Editoriale. Profil eminescian", in Drumul Socialismului, 8 April 1973, p. 3
  67. ^ Iancu, pp. 102–103
  68. ^ Pop, p. 747
  69. ^ Popa, p. 742
  70. ^ Popa, pp. 742–743; Vadim Tudor & Eminescu, p. 47
  71. ^ Popa, p. 743
  72. ^ Popa, p. 743
  73. ^ Popa, pp. 743–744. See also Iancu, p. 104
  74. ^ Iancu, pp. 103–104
  75. ^ Popa, pp. 746–747
  76. ^ Adina Vuković, "Labirintul lui Fernando Arrabal. Lectură regizorală și context politic (Mihai Măniuțiu și Gavriil Pinte)", in Studii și Cercetări Științifice. Seria Filologie. Revistă a Facultății de Litere, Universitatea Vasile Alecsandri din Bacău, Issue 27, 2012, pp. 52–53
  77. ^ Iancu, p. 104
  78. ^ Vadim Tudor & Eminescu, p. 46
  79. ^ Popa, pp. 741, 743. See also Iancu, p. 104
  80. ^ "Fără Eminescu am fi mai săraci", p. 6
  81. ^ Popa, p. 742
  82. ^ Iancu, p. 103
  83. ^ Iancu, p. 104
  84. ^ Nicoleta Ionescu-Gură, "Ultimul Congres al Partidului Comunist Român (20–24 noiembrie 1989) reflectat în notele Unității Speciale 'R' din Departamentul Securității Statului și în arhiva PCR", in Caietele CNSAS, Vol. XI, Issue 1, 2018, pp. 313–314
  85. ^ Popa, pp. 746–747
  86. ^ Moisa, p. 161

References[]

  • "Fără Eminescu am fi mai săraci", in Poștalionul. Publicație Lunară a Primăriei și Consiliului Local Mizil, Vol. IX, Issue 89, February 2012, pp. 6–7.
  • Marin Iancu, "Gheorghe Eminescu. Memento biografic", in Litere, Vol. XVIII, Issues 6–7, June–July 2017, pp. 102–104.
  • Gabriel Moisa, "Între mica și marea istorie. Nicolae Coroiu: un destin sub vremurile Primului Război Mondial", in Revista Crisia, Issue XLV, 2015, pp. 149–164.
  • Eugenia Mureșanu, "Doamna Eminescu", in Viața Ilustrată, Vol. VII, Issue 3, March 1940, pp. 11–2.
  • Sever Neagoe, Ilie Tender, Gheorghe Văduva, Istoria grănicerilor și a începutului poliției de frontieră. Bucharest: Editura Scaiul, 2004. ISBN 973-801512-X
  • Emil Niculescu, "Portul Mizil și regimentul pierdut", in Străjer în Calea Furtunilor, Vol. II, Issue 3, June 2008, pp. 53–57.
  • Augustin Z. N. Pop, Contribuții documentare la biografia lui Mihai Eminescu. Bucharest: Editura Academiei, 1962.
  • Anghel Popa, "Domnul colonel Gheorghe Eminescu", in Analele Bucovinei, Vol. XIII, Issue 2, 2006, pp. 739–762.
  • Corneliu Vadim Tudor, Gheorghe Eminescu, "Despre incidentul avut de Eminescu cu Caragiale, pe cînd poetul lucra la Timpul", in Scriitorul Român, Issue 1, May–June 2020, pp. 46–47
  • Dimitrie Vatamaniuc, "Ipoteze: să fie Blajul vatra străbunilor lui Eminescu?", in , Vol. VII, Issue 1, 1976, pp. 127–138.
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