Glen Cinema disaster

The Glen Cinema disaster was caused by a smoking film canister at a cinema in Paisley, Scotland, on 31 December 1929.^[1] The resulting panic and crush killed 69 children and injured 40; the final death toll was 71.^[2]

The Glen Cinema disaster is considered one of the worst human disasters in Scotland's history.^[3] The building that housed the Glen Cinema still stands, and currently houses a furniture store.^[4]

Events[]

The Glen Cinema was opened in 1901; it became known as 'The Glen' and 'The Royal Animated Pictures'.^[5] On the afternoon of 31 December 1929, during a children's matinee, the building was crowded with between 700 and 1,000 children, aged between infants to about 14-years-old, in attendance.^[1][6] The matinee was reportedly so attended due to parents wanting the house empty; due to the Hogmany holiday which included cleaning the home for the upcoming new year.^[1] A freshly shown film was put in its metal can, in the spool room, where it began to issue thick black smoke. Nitrate film, as used at this time, can burn on its own without needing any supply of air.

When an assistant film operator spotted the smoke coming from a film container, he tried to smother the flammable film; but the container sprang open, and smoke and fumes entered the hall.^[7] Soon, smoke filled the auditorium that contained the children, and one survivor claimed that someone shouted "Fire" and the children began to run to the exits.^[6][8][9] Children ran downstairs so fast and in such numbers that they piled up behind the escape door that led to Dyers Wynd. The door could not be opened, as it was designed to open inwards and was padlocked. Others were injured as people jumped from the balconies onto those sitting in the sections below in an attempt to escape.^[1]

A policeman who arrived on the scene just after the fire started reported that the gates were padlocked; however, another witness confirmed that she had seen the manager, Charles Dorward unlock them. A policeman managed to break the padlock on one of the doors but could not easily open them as the doors opened inward and there were piles of bodies behind them, with people scrambling over to attempt to escape.^[1] Some children however, remained in their seats and were removed from the theater by responding firefighters,^[6] others were rescued when firefighters smashed windows and pulled children from the theater.^[1]

Seventy-one children died from the resulting crush of children attempting to escape the theater with between thirty and forty children injured. Many of the casualties were recorded as having died from "asphyxia by crushing" or "traumatic asphyxia".^[10]

Investigation[]

An inquiry was held in Edinburgh on 29 April 1930, during which it was revealed that the cinema had been inspected and pronounced safe by the Paisley fire brigade on the morning of the fire. The owner, James Graham, had, however, agreed that there were insufficient exits, but claimed he had repeatedly reminded Dorward, that the escape exits were not to be shut during matinee performances. The manager conceded that the exit gates had sometimes been locked to prevent children from entering the cinema without paying.

The conclusion of the inquiry was that the fire had been started by a short circuit when a metal box containing film stock had been placed on the top of a battery in the projection room. The tragedy had been made worse by the limited number of exits, insufficient attendants, and overcrowding.^[11]

The cinema manager was put on trial for culpable homicide, but found not guilty.^[12]

Aftermath[]

A relief fund for the injured children and bereaved parents raised £5,300 (the equivalent of approximately £338,900 as of 2020): Paisley Town Council offered them a week's holiday at the seaside.^[13]

The plaque added by the Film Council

The plaque added by Renfrewshire Council

On 31 December 2009, to mark the eightieth anniversary of the tragedy, a memorial service was conducted by Philip Tartaglia, Bishop of Paisley and his associates at the Cenotaph. Survivors congregated to remember the children who lost their lives on 31 December 1929. The wreaths were laid by one of the survivors, Emily Brown, who was five years old at the time of the incident. Since then, the memorial service has become an annual event.^[14] Due to the Covid-19 pandemic the ceremony in 2020 was held online.^[15]

Safety regulations were tightened in the wake of the disaster; many municipal authorities made inspections of cinemas compulsory. The Cinematograph Act 1909 was amended to ensure that cinemas had more exits, that doors opened outwards and that they were fitted with push bars. A limitation was also placed on the seating capacity of cinemas.^[16]

Documentation[]

A small display is at Paisley Museum which has some articles on the disaster, a receipt for a funeral, a pair of shoes, and a hat. There are also letters sent to the Provost of Paisley from other civic leaders, in the UK, Europe and from the USA. Some of the more poignant letters are from women who were unable to keep their own children, offering them to the devastated families of Paisley.^[17]

A documentary of the disaster was created and screened along with a display of letters of condolences sent to the town after the disaster for the 90th anniversary.^[18]

See also[]

• List of disasters of the United Kingdom and preceding states
• Victoria Hall disaster

References[]

External links[]

• Glen Cinema Website
• The Paisley Cinema Disaster

Coordinates: 55°50′46″N 4°25′23″W / 55.846°N 4.423°W / 55.846; -4.423