Gobo (lighting)

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For other uses, see Gobo (disambiguation).
A decorative lighting device that projects a gobo. Components from right to left are the lamp house, the gobo itself (a grid made of wires), and the focusing lens. In a theatrical unit, all three would be in an enclosure to prevent light spillage. The insert at lower right shows the pattern this device projects. The spacing of the gobo and the lens can be varied to alter the size and focus of the image.

A gobo is an object placed inside or in front of a light source to control the shape of the emitted light and its shadow.

For studio photography purposes, the term "gobo" has come to refer to any device that casts a shadow, and various pieces of equipment that go in front of a light (such as a gobo arm or gobo head).[1]

In theatrical lighting, however, the term more specifically refers to a device placed in 'the gate' or at the 'point of focus' between the light source, called a lamp, and the lenses (or other optics).

Derivation[]

The Oxford Dictionary[2] gives three definitions (and others concur);[3][4][5] "A dark plate or screen used to shield a lens from light; (in a theatre) a partial screen used in front of a spotlight to project a shape; shield used to mask a microphone from extraneous noise."[6] Though the Oxford provides a possible "1930s...unknown origin, perhaps from go between", the exact derivation of gobo is unclear. It may be an American slang abbreviation of 'go-between',[2] or 'go-before' (just as New York's "SoHo" signifies the area "South of Houston Street").[7] The term can be traced back to the cinema studios of the 1930s.[8]

Some lighting professionals believe it is an acronym for "goes before optics" or, less often, "goes between optics".[9] An alternative abbreviation might be "graphical optical black out."[10] The treatment of the word as an acronym is recent,[11][12] as alternative to applications in optics, 'gobo' may refer to a screen or sheet of sound-absorbent material for shielding a microphone from sounds coming from a particular direction (so therefore contrary to an interpretation that deals with visual 'black-out' or 'optics'). There are many examples of acoustic gobos.[13][14][15] See Gobo (recording).

Use in studio photography[]

In the photographic industry, a "gobo" describes any opaque, usually black, panel, or 'flat',[16] of any dimension, that goes between a light source and photographic subject (such as between sun light and a portrait model) to control the modelling effect of the existing light or, used as a 'cutter', to create shadows;[17] or even to control reflections;[18] or between light source and lens, to cut flare.[5] Use of gobos augments light-shaping devices attached to the lights themselves, whether continuous or flash, with cones, snoots, honeycomb grids or barn doors being the most common such fittings.[19]

Subtractive[]

The use of the gobo is 'subtractive', as opposed to using a "reflector" to bounce added light into a shadow (thus "additive" lighting). Use of a gobo subtracts light from a portion of an overall shaded subject and creates a contrast between one side of the subject and the other.[20]

Equipment[]

For long shoots on complex sets in the studio more convenient and precise are free-standing boards,[21] often configured as self-supporting hinged door-height panels (usually called 'flats'), or if smaller, as a 'flag', or a 'dot' (a round flag), or a 'finger' (larger and rectangular in form) attached to stands, or extending from arms or clamps attached to the tabletop for still-life and product shots. Photographers most often use panels of black foamcore or thick cards. All are devised, or improvised, in different shapes, but are always opaque. The closer the gobo is to the subject, the sharper the shadow.[22] Patent arms with 'elbows' that can be oriented in all planes and that can be locked in position are commercially available.[23][24]

Blocking/reducing light[]

The term is also used for panels or screens used to block light from the lens that would otherwise cause flare or degrade contrast. Such screens as used on films sets may be 3m tall.[25] The photographer on location might use their lens hood, hand or dark slide for such purpose, but with multiple light sources in the studio a range of separate operable gobos provides tailored solutions.

A gobo may be used even in the case of broad-source light (a softbox, for example) where the problem is to control reflection in a metallic or glass surface, by placing it in front of the diffuser for a hard-edged dark reflection, or behind, to produce a soft outline.[18]

Use in theatre[]

A gobo in a gobo holder, which goes in a stage lighting instrument. The discolored portion is oxidation of the stainless steel caused by the high temperature of the lamp, but the gobo is still usable.
A glass gobo of the Earth, projected using a halogen projector.
A Gobo being projected with beams of smoke

Gobos are used with projectors and simpler light sources to create lighting scenes in theatrical applications. Simple gobos, incorporated into automated lighting systems, are popular at nightclubs and other musical venues to create moving shapes.[26] Gobos may also be used for architectural lighting, as well as in interior design, as in projecting a company logo on a wall.

Placement in 'the gate' or at the 'point of focus' is important because it produces a crisp, sharp edged pattern or design (of logos, fine detail, architecture, etc.). Lighting designers typically use them with stage lighting instruments to manipulate the shape of the light cast over a space or object—for example to produce a pattern of leaves on a stage floor. Gobos placed after the optics do not produce a finely focused image, and are more precisely called "flags" or "cucoloris" ("cookies").

Materials[]

Gobos are made of various materials. Common types include steel, glass, and plastic.

Steel gobos or metal gobos use a metal template from which the image is cut out. These are the most sturdy, but often require modifications to the original design—called bridging—to display correctly. To correctly represent the letter "O" for example, requires small tabs or bridges to support the opaque center of the letter. These can be visible in the projected image, which might be undesirable in some applications.

Glass gobos are made from clear glass with a partial mirror coating to block the light and produce "black" areas in the projected image. This eliminates any need for bridging and accommodates more intricate images. Glass gobos can also include colored areas (much like stained glass windows), whether by multiple layers of dichroic glass (one for each color) glued on an aluminium or chrome coated black and white gobo, or by newer technologies that vary the thickness of the dichroic coating (and therefore the color) in a controlled way on a single piece of glass—which makes it possible to turn a color photo into a glass gobo. Glass gobos generally offer the highest image fidelity, but are the most fragile. Glass gobos are typically created with laser ablation or photo etching.[27]

Plastic gobos or Transparency gobos can be used in LED ellipsoidal spotlights. These "LED Only" plastic gobos can be full color (like a glass gobo), but are far less delicate. They are new to the market, as are LED lights, and their durability and effectiveness vary between brands.

In the past, plastic gobos were generally custom made for when a pattern requires color and glass does not suffice. However, in a "traditional" (tungston-halogen) light fixture, the focus point position of a gobo is extremely hot, so these thin plastic films require special cooling elements to prevent melting. A lapse in the cooling apparatus, even for seconds, can ruin a plastic gobo in a tungsten-halogen lighting instrument.

Patterns[]

Theatrical and photographic supply companies manufacture many simple and complex stock patterns. They also can produce custom gobos from customer artwork. Generally, a lighting designer chooses a pattern from a manufacturer's catalog. Because of the large number of gobos available, they are generally referred to by number, not name. Lighting technicians can also hand cut custom gobos out of sheet metal stock, or even aluminum pie tins.

Gobos are often used in weddings and corporate events. They can project company logos, the couple's names, or just about any artwork. Some companies can turn a custom gobo out in as little as a week. Designers also use "stock" gobo patterns for these events—for example for projecting stars or leaves onto the ceiling.

Mechanics/optics[]

A gobo with the fleurs-de-lis design on the left projects with a red gel a pattern like the one on the right.

The gobo is placed in the focal plane of the lantern (generally an ellipsoidal reflector spotlight or a moving head). The gobo is inserted upside-down and back-to-front. The lighting instrument inverts the projected image.

Common sizes[]

Letter Size O.D. (mm) I.A. (mm) Notes
C Size 150 120
A Size 100 75 (ADB Europe 1000/1200W)
B Size 86 64.5 Standard Size for Ellipsoidal lights (Source 4, Source 4 Zoom)
BG Size 79 64.5
M Size 66 48 (Source 4 Jr.)
G Size 65.5 48 For Clay Paky Goldenscans.
D Size 53.3 38 (Martin PR-1, EcoSpot 40)
Golive 52.8 48 Golive 400
Cyberlight 44.25 38
E Size 37.5 28 Martin Mac Viper, Mac 2000

Clay Paky Alpha Profile/Spot 1200/1500

Robe Colourspot 1200/2500AT

Vari Lite VL3000 Spot, VL3500

EcoSpot 25, EcoSpot 30

Studio Spot 575 36.3 31 For HES Studio Spot 575.
Mac 500/918 27.9 22
Robe Color spot 26.8 22
V Size 25.5 22 For HES Intellibeam 700hx
Mac 250 22.5 17
518 Size 20 13
All RazLights 29 50 For all RazTech Lighting fixtures
O.D = Outside Diameter; I.A. = Image Area

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ Box, Harry C. Set lighting technician's handbook Third Edition, Focal Press, 2003. p. 120.
  2. ^ a b Kelby, Scott (2006). The digital photography book : the step-by-step secrets for how to make your photos look like the pros'! First edition | page=40 | Peachpit Press, [Berkeley, California]
  3. ^ "the definition of gobo". www.dictionary.com. Retrieved 2019-02-25.
  4. ^ "Definition of GOBO". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2019-02-25.
  5. ^ a b "Gobo definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary". www.collinsdictionary.com. Retrieved 2019-02-25.
  6. ^ "gobo | Definition of gobo in English by Oxford Dictionaries". Oxford Dictionaries | English. Retrieved 2019-02-25.
  7. ^ "A snoot is a tube that concentrates the light of a lamp, and a gobo is a mask...'Daylight made to order' Popular Mechanics , Vol. 75, No. 3, Mar 1941, p.376
  8. ^ 'Talkie industry developing a vocabulary all of its own', The Ventura County Star and the Ventura Daily Post Friday, 15 Aug 1930, p.9
  9. ^ Eisemann, Elmar; Schwarz, Michael; Assarsson, Ulf; Wimmer, Michael (April 19, 2016). Real-Time Shadows. CRC Press. p. 31. ISBN 9780742539136.
  10. ^ "High-speed 3D-measurement system with gobo-projection - Fraunhofer IOF". Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering IOF. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  11. ^ Yaron Abulafia (September 16, 2015). The Art of Light on Stage: Lighting in Contemporary Theatre. Routledge. ISBN 9781317429708.
  12. ^ Archer, Stephen M.; Gendrich, Cynthia M.; Hood, Woodrow B. (2010). Theatre: Its Art and Craft. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 231. ISBN 9780742539136.
  13. ^ "FreeStand Acoustic Panel© (gobo)". www.gikacoustics.com. Retrieved 2019-02-26.
  14. ^ "ATS Acoustics Studio Stacker, Portable Gobo". www.amazon.com. Retrieved 2019-02-26.
  15. ^ "Vocal GOBO". www.instructables.com. Retrieved 2019-02-26.
  16. ^ "A gobo is an upright black panel", The Saturday Evening Post, 1929, Volume 202. p.76
  17. ^ Grey, Christopher. (2004). Master lighting guide for portrait photographers. Buffalo, NY: Amherst Media. ISBN 978-1-58428-525-0. OCLC 659561927.
  18. ^ a b Hunter, Fil; Fuqua, Paul (1997), Light--science & magic : an introduction to photographic lighting (2nd ed.), Focal Press, p. 175, ISBN 978-0-240-80275-6
  19. ^ Warren, Bruce (1992), Photography (2nd ed.), Delmar Publishers, p. 416-7, ISBN 978-0-7668-1777-7
  20. ^ "Home Studio Photography Tips: What is a 'Gobo'?". Adventure Lumiere. Retrieved 2020-11-05.
  21. ^ David Prakel (2010), The visual dictionary of photography, Lausanne AVA Academia, ISBN 978-2-940411-04-7
  22. ^ Fancher, Nick (2018), Chroma : a photographer's guide to lighting with color (1st ed.), Rocky Nook, ISBN 978-1-68198-312-7
  23. ^ McKenzie, Joy; Overturf, Daniel (2010), Artificial lighting for photography (1st ed.), Cengage Learning, ISBN 978-1-4283-1804-5
  24. ^ "GOBO : A light - deflecting fin used to direct illumination in the studio and to protect the camera lens from glare" Motion Picture Herald, 1939, Volume 135, Issue 6
  25. ^ Spottiswoode, Raymond (1968), Film and its techniques, Berkeley University of California Press, retrieved 4 November 2020
  26. ^ Edwin Paul J. Tozer (2004). Broadcast engineer's reference book. Focal Press. p. 516. ISBN 978-0-240-51908-1.
  27. ^ Cadena, Richard (2013-05-20). Automated Lighting: The Art and Science of Moving Light in Theatre, Live Performance and Entertainment. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781136085260.
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