Ground-level power supply

Bordeaux tramway with ground-level power supply

Remaining conduit tram track on the ramp to the abandoned Kingsway tram subway in London, with plants growing in conduit

A section of APS track showing the neutral sections at the end of the powered segments plus one of the insulating joint boxes which mechanically and electrically join the APS rail segments

Ground-level power supply, also known as surface current collection or alimentation par le sol (which literally means "feeding via the ground"), is a concept and group of technologies whereby electric trams collect electric power at ground level instead of more common overhead lines. Ground-level power supply is, or has been, used primarily for aesthetic reasons.

Ground-level power supply systems date back to the beginning of electric tramways, with some of the earliest such systems using conduit current collection. More recently, new systems such as the Alstom APS, , , and Elways have been introduced which use modern technology to address some of the limitations and dangers of the older systems. Nowadays, with the increased efficiency and energy density of battery powered systems, ground-level power supply systems are less attractive, or are used in smaller portions of the line to charge the batteries (e.g. the batteries are charged only during station stops).

Systems[]

Conduit[]

Conduit current collection has the power supply carried in a channel under the roadway between the running rails, much in the same fashion as the cable for cable cars.^{[citation needed]}

Electric road[]

Sweden is testing as of 2021 several electric road systems that charge the batteries of private electric vehicles, and among the tested systems are two ground-level power supply systems.^[1][2] The in-road rail system is planned to deliver up to 800 kW per vehicle traveling over a powered segment of the rail, and the system is estimated to be the most cost-effective among the four tested systems. The new systems are expected to be safer, with segments of the rail being powered only when a vehicle is traveling over them. The rails have been tested while submerged in salt water and were found to be safe for pedestrians.^[3]

ABB announced in 2021 that it is involved in the construction of the first permanent electric road that powers private vehicles and commercial vehicles such as trucks and buses, using ground-level power supply technology.^[4][5] The European Commission published in 2021 a request for regulation and standardization of electric road systems.^[6] Alstom and other companies have, in 2020, begun drafting a standard for ground-level power supply electric roads.^[7]

Stud contact[]

The stud contact systems was developed around 1900, and used by several tramway companies in Paris and in England. Associated with these systems were the inventors Dolter and Diatto. Power was supplied from studs, set in the road at intervals. Switching in of the contacts was done by strong electromagnets beneath each car. Each contact contained a fuse, which would be blown by an earthed safety shoe on the rear of the tram should the contact not have switched out. This proved to be unsatisfactory because the strong currents melted down the switch contacts, resulting in contacts frequently remaining 'live'.^{[citation needed]}

Implementations[]

Prague[]

In Prague, a ground-level power supply was applied at the experimental, recreational and promotional tram line operated by the Czech inventor and entrepreneur František Křižík at Letná hill. It was the first electrically-powered tram line in the Prague agglomeration. The track was operated between 1891–1900; however the ground-level power supply was tested there only in early 1896 on one part of the track. Power was supplied through a third rail but a system of contact relays ensured that voltage was there only when a car was directly above.^[8]

In 1905, a similar system by František Křižík was used on the Charles Bridge. This section was the last one with horse-drawn trams, due to disapproval of overhead lines there. Ground-level supply made it possible to electrify this track. However, the weight of the trams caused damage to the bridge due to vibrations, which is why they were replaced by rail buses in 1908. These were stopped in 1909. In 1932–1939, classic buses on tyres were operated there. Since 1965, Charles Bridge has been a pedestrian-only zone.^{[citation needed]}

Budapest[]

Another system of ground-level power supply was used by Budapest trams from 1887. Overhead lines were considered an eyesore, so builder Siemens developed the following system: on the inner side of one rail, a powered third rail was hidden underground in a half-covered ditch, with a narrow slit opening upwards, through which a trolley pole reached downward from the trams. The Budapest system was generally safe and water-protected. However, there was no defence against snow and ice, dirt filled up the ditches and trolley poles suffered intense wear. Overhead wire replaced the "Budapest system" everywhere by the 1920s.^{[citation needed]}

Stream system[]

Stream is an acronym that stood for "Sistema di TRasporto Elettrico ad Attrazione Magnetica" ("System of Electric Transport by Magnetic Attraction" by ). The channel made of composite material was thus insulating the vehicle equipped with a special shoe on the passing magnetic channel raised the band allowing contact with the copper strip and then the electrical connection.^{[citation needed]}

Alstom APS[]

APS uses a third rail placed between the running rails, divided electrically into 11-metre segments. These segments automatically switch on and off according to whether a tram is passing over them, thereby eradicating any risk to other road users. APS was developed by Innorail, a subsidiary of Spie Enertrans but was sold to Alstom when Spie was acquired by Amec. It was originally created for the Bordeaux tramway, which was constructed from 2000 and opened in 2003. From 2011, the technology has been used in a number of other cities around the world.^[9][10]

Ansaldo Tramwave[]

In 2017, another ground-level power supply technology, TramWave, developed by Italian company Ansaldo STS (currently Hitachi Rail STS), successfully entered commercial application via the opening of Zhuhai tram Line 1 first phase in China, and it is said to be the first 100% low-floor tram system adopting ground level power supply technology.^[11] Later in the year, Western Suburb Line in Beijing will also be opened with the same technology from Ansaldo.^[12] The technology have been licensed to CRRC Dalian and all the technologies were transferred to China.^[13]

See also[]

References[]

External links[]

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