Gudermannian function

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Graph of the Gudermannian function

The Gudermannian function, named after Christoph Gudermann (1798–1852), relates the circular functions and hyperbolic functions without explicitly using complex numbers.

It is defined for all x by[1][2][3]

The inverse of the Gudermannian function, , is sometimes known as the Lambertian function and written .[4]

Properties[]

Alternative definitions[]

Some identities[]

Inverse[]

Graph of the inverse Gudermannian function

Some identities[]

Derivatives[]

History[]

The function was introduced by Johann Heinrich Lambert in the 1760s at the same time as the hyperbolic functions. He called it the "transcendent angle," and it went by various names until 1862 when Arthur Cayley suggested it be given its current name as a tribute to Gudermann's work in the 1830s on the theory of special functions.[5] Gudermann had published articles in Crelle's Journal that were collected in Theorie der potenzial- oder cyklisch-hyperbolischen Functionen (1833), a book which expounded sinh and cosh to a wide audience (under the guises of and ).

The notation gd was introduced by Cayley[6] where he starts by calling gd. u the inverse of the integral of the secant function:

and then derives "the definition" of the transcendent:

observing immediately that it is a real function of u.

Applications[]

  • On a Mercator projection a line of constant latitude is parallel to the equator (on the projection) and is displaced by an amount proportional to the inverse Gudermannian of the latitude.
  • The Gudermannian (with a complex argument) may be used in the definition of the transverse Mercator projection.[7]
  • The Gudermannian also appears in a moving mirror solution of the dynamical Casimir effect.[9]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ Olver, F. W.J.; Lozier, D.W.; Boisvert, R.F.; Clark, C.W., eds. (2010), NIST Handbook of Mathematical Functions, Cambridge University Press. Section 4.23(viii).CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  2. ^ CRC Handbook of Mathematical Sciences 5th ed. pp. 323–325
  3. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Gudermannian". MathWorld.
  4. ^ Lee, L.P. (1976). Conformal Projections Based on Elliptic Functions. Supplement No. 1 to Canadian Cartographer, Vol 13. (Designated as Monograph 16)
  5. ^ George F. Becker, C. E. Van Orstrand. Hyperbolic functions. Read Books, 1931. Page xlix. Scanned copy available at archive.org
  6. ^ Cayley, A. (1862). "On the transcendent gd. u". Philosophical Magazine. 4th Series. 24 (158): 19–21. doi:10.1080/14786446208643307.
  7. ^ Osborne, P (2013), The Mercator projections, p74CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  8. ^ John S. Robertson (1997). "Gudermann and the Simple Pendulum". The College Mathematics Journal. 28 (4): 271–276. doi:10.2307/2687148. JSTOR 2687148. Review.CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  9. ^ Good, Michael R. R.; Anderson, Paul R.; Evans, Charles R. (2013). "Time dependence of particle creation from accelerating mirrors". Physical Review D. 88 (2): 025023. arXiv:1303.6756. Bibcode:2013PhRvD..88b5023G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.88.025023. S2CID 56113100.
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