Gymnopilus junonius
Gymnopilus junonius | |
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Fungi
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Division: | |
Class: | |
Order: | |
Family: | |
Genus: | |
Binomial name | |
Gymnopilus junonius (Fr.) P.D.Orton (1960)
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Approximate range of Gymnopilus junonius | |
Synonyms | |
Gymnopilus junonius | |
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gills on hymenium | |
cap is convex | |
hymenium is adnate | |
stipe has a ring | |
spore print is reddish-brown | |
ecology is saprotrophic | |
edibility: inedible or psychoactive |
Gymnopilus junonius is a species of mushroom in the family Cortinariaceae. Commonly known as the spectacular rustgill, this large orange mushroom is typically found growing on tree stumps, logs, or tree bases. Some subspecies of this mushroom contain the neurotoxic gymnopilin.
Taxonomy[]
This species was formerly known as Gymnopilus spectabilis, or Pholiota spectabilis v. junonia (Fr.) J.E Lange.[1] The 'Gymn' in the present nomen means 'naked', and 'Juno' was the wife of Jupiter.[2]
Description[]
The cap ranges from 8–30 cm (3–12 in) across, is convex to flat,[3] and is bright yellow-orange in younger specimens and orange/brown or reddish brown in older ones, with a dry scaly surface. The flesh is yellow, the odor mild and taste bitter.[3] The stem is 5–25 cm (2–10 in) long, 1–5 cm thick, and often narrows near the base.[3] The frail ring is dusted with rusty orange spores, and the gill attachment to the stem is adnate to sub-decurrent.[3] It stains red with KOH and turns green when cooked in a pan. The spore print is rusty orange. Unlike psychoactive relatives in the Psilocybe genus, it typically does not bruise blue, but smaller specimens, or "aborts", occasionally exhibit bruising.[4] This mushroom usually grows in clusters from several to several dozen individuals, but sometimes grows solitary.
The mushroom is inedible. Some varieties are hallucinogenic.[3]
Similar species[]
This mushroom is often mistaken for Gymnopilus ventricosus, which also contains no psilocybin.[citation needed] It also resembles Armillaria mellea and Omphalotus olivascens.[3]
Distribution and habitat[]
Gymnopilus junonius is found in Europe, Australasia and both North[5][6][7] and South America. It grows in dense clusters on stumps and logs of hardwoods and conifers. This mushroom is most common in moist, lowland wooded areas near rivers.
Biochemistry[]
This mushroom contains bis-noryangonin and hispidin, which are structurally related to alpha-pyrones found in kava.[8] Japanese researchers have found oligoisoprenoids, or neurotoxins in this mushroom.[9]
See also[]
References[]
- ^ Roger Phillips (2006). Mushrooms. Pan MacMillan. ISBN 0-330-44237-6.
- ^ Arora D. (1986). Mushrooms Demystified. Ten Speed Press. ISBN 0-89815-169-4.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Davis, R. Michael; Sommer, Robert; Menge, John A. (2012). Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 245–246. ISBN 978-0-520-95360-4. OCLC 797915861.
- ^ Thorn, R. Greg; Malloch, David W.; Saar, Irja; Lamoureux, Yves; Nagasawa, Eiji; Redhead, Scott A.; Margaritescu, Simona; Moncalvo, Jean-Marc (2020-04-24). "New species in the Gymnopilus junonius group (Basidiomycota: Agaricales)". Botany. Canadian Science Publishing. 98 (6): 293–315. doi:10.1139/cjb-2020-0006. ISSN 1916-2790.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2021-01-04. Retrieved 2020-09-27.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2021-01-04. Retrieved 2020-09-27.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2021-01-04. Retrieved 2020-09-27.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^ Hatfield, G.M.; Brady, L.R. (1969). "Occurrence of bis-noryangonin in Gymnopilus spectabilis". Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 58 (10): 1298–1299. doi:10.1002/jps.2600581039. PMID 5388695.
- ^ Tanaka, Masayasu; Hashimoto, Kimiko; Okunoa, Toshikatsu; Shirahama, Haruhisa (1993). "Neurotoxic oligoisoprenoids of the hallucinogenic mushroom, Gymnopilus spectabilis". Phytochemistry. 34 (3): 661–664. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(93)85335-O.
- C.J. Alexopolous, Charles W. Mims, M. Blackwell et al., Introductory Mycology, 4th ed. (John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken NJ, 2004) ISBN 0-471-52229-5
External links[]
- Media related to Gymnopilus junonius at Wikimedia Commons
- Tom Volk's Fungi of the Month - Gymnopilus spectabilis
- Mushroom Expert - Gymnopilus junonius
- Guzmán-Dávalos, Laura; Mueller, Gregory M.; Cifuentes, Joaquín; Miller, Andrew N.; Santerre, Anne (Nov–Dec 2003). "Traditional infrageneric classification of Gymnopilus is not supported by ribosomal DNA sequence data" (PDF). Mycologia. 95 (6): 1204–1214. doi:10.2307/3761920. JSTOR 3761920. PMID 21149021.
- Gymnopilus
- Fungi described in 1821
- Fungi of New Zealand
- Fungi of Europe
- Taxa named by Elias Magnus Fries
- Inedible fungi