Halictus
Halictus | |
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Halictus scabiosae, female | |
Scientific classification ![]() | |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Insecta |
Order: | Hymenoptera |
Family: | Halictidae |
Tribe: | Halictini |
Genus: | Halictus Latreille, 1804 |
Species | |
>330 species in 15 subgenera (see text) |
The genus Halictus is a large assemblage of bee species in the family Halictidae. The genus is divided into 15 subgenera, some of dubious monophyly, containing over 200 species, primarily in the Northern Hemisphere (a few species occur in South America, Asia and Africa). Most species are black or dark brown, sometimes metallic greenish-tinted, with apical whitish abdominal bands on the terga (the related genus Lasioglossum, which is otherwise often similar in appearance, has the abdominal hair bands located basally, not apically).
Many species in the genus are eusocial, with colony sizes range from very small (two to four bees) to large (>200). Nests are typically burrows in the soil, with several ovoid "cells" in which pollen mixed with nectar is provided as food for the developing larvae; a single egg is laid on a pollen mass, and the cell is sealed. In a few species, the cells are arranged in clusters resembling a honeycomb, but constructed of soil rather than beeswax. Like most ground-nesting bees, the brood cells are lined internally with a waterproofing secretion.
A few species in the genus have extensive geographic distribution, such as Halictus rubicundus, which spans virtually the entire Holarctic region. Previously, Halictus ligatus was considered to range from Canada to Venezuela, including the Caribbean. However, genetic data show that there are at least three species previously considered within this one. One of them is restricted to Southeastern USA and the Caribbean, one is Central American, and true H. ligatus is found in northern and western North America.[1] Common European species include and Halictus sexcinctus, as well as H. rubicundus. H. rubicundus is solitary at high altitudes and latitudes but has eusocial colonies in warmer areas.
Species[]
Species within this genus include:[2][3]
- Blüthgen, 1926
- Blüthgen, 1923
- Strand, 1909
- Pérez, 1895
- Smith, 1873
- Ebmer, 1978
- Dours, 1872
- Strand, 1909
- Ebmer, 2005
- Bingham, 1898
- Pérez, 1895
- Morawitz, 1893
- Cameron, 1906
- Blüthgen, 1936
- Pérez, 1903
- Blüthgen, 1936
- Warncke, 1984
- (Eversmann, 1852)
- Blüthgen, 1936
- Blüthgen, 1929
- Ebmer, 1976
- Blüthgen, 1936
- Ebmer, 1985
- Vachal, 1910
- Morawitz, 1873
- Friese, 1910
- Warncke, 1984
- Dours, 1872
- (Walckenaer, 1802)
- Brullé, 1840
- Halictus confusus Smith, 1853
- Pérez, 1895
- Strand, 1910
- Smith, 1853
- Blüthgen, 1923
- Vachal, 1902
- (Pauly, 2008)
- Blüthgen, 1937
- Blüthgen, 1930
- Morawitz, 1876
- Dalla Torre, 1896
- Cockerell, 1932
- Pérez, 1903
- Ebmer, 1982
- Blüthgen, 1936
- Vachal, 1902
- Cockerell, 1916
- Warncke, 1982
- Halictus farinosus Smith, 1853
- Blüthgen, 1936
- Fan, 1991
- Smith, 1853
- Vachal, 1899
- Smith, 1853
- (Klug, 1817)
- Blüthgen, 1923
- Morawitz, 1876
- Morawitz, 1876
- Pérez, 1903
- Halictus gemmeus Dours, 1872
- Blüthgen, 1936
- Ebmer, 1982
- Warncke, 1975
- Blüthgen, 1933
- Ebmer, 1978
- Ebmer, 1975
- Sandhouse, 1941
- Blüthgen, 1934
- Ebmer, 1975
- Smith, 1862
- Blüthgen, 1936
- Halictus hotoni Vachal, 1903
- Blüthgen, 1936
- Ebmer, 1978
- Blüthgen, 1923
- Ebmer, 1975
- Pérez, 1895
- Cameron, 1905
- Blüthgen, 1923
- Smith, 1853
- Bramson, 1879
- (Pauly, 2008)
- Ebmer, 1975
- Ebmer, 1975
- (Moure, 1940)
- Blüthgen, 1944
- Warncke, 1984
- Cameron, 1908
- (Pesenko, 2006)
- Ebmer, 1972
- Halictus ligatus Say, 1837
- Ebmer, 1978
- Smith, 1853
- Blüthgen, 1936
- Blüthgen, 1936
- Friese, 1921
- Halictus maculatus Smith, 1848
- Ebmer, 1980
- Strand, 1909
- Pérez, 1896
- Morawitz, 1876
- Morawitz, 1876
- Cockerell, 1945
- Blüthgen, 1923
- Morawitz, 1880
- Dalla Torre, 1896
- Vachal, 1902
- Blüthgen, 1929
- Blüthgen, 1923
- Blüthgen, 1923
- Eversmann, 1852
- Blüthgen, 1933
- Niu, Wu & Huang, 2004
- Blüthgen, 1934
- Morawitz, 1876
- Blüthgen, 1923
- Warncke, 1975
- (Pesenko, 2006)
- Ebmer, 1985
- Cockerell, 1940
- Pesenko, 2005
- Blüthgen, 1923
- Ebmer, 2005
- Benoist, 1950
- Lepeletier, 1841
- Morawitz, 1876
- Halictus parallelus Say, 1837
- Ebmer, 1978
- Morawitz, 1873
- Blüthgen, 1923
- Ebmer, 1976
- Blüthgen, 1933
- Pérez, 1895
- Janjic & Packer, 2001
- Strand, 1909
- Blüthgen, 1923
- Halictus poeyi Lepeletier, 1841
- Sichel, 1860
- Blüthgen, 1934
- Smith, 1853
- Cockerell, 1937
- Ebmer, 1975
- Strand, 1921
- Blüthgen, 1925
- Morawitz, 1874
- Pérez, 1903
- Blüthgen, 1936
- (Fabricius, 1776)
- Blüthgen, 1923
- Vachal, 1902
- Nurse, 1903
- Ebmer, 1978
- Halictus rubicundus (Christ, 1791)
- Pesenko, 1984
- (Fabricius, 1793)
- Blüthgen, 1923
- Halictus scabiosae (Rossi, 1790)
- Dalla Torre, 1896
- (Fabricius, 1794)
- Morawitz, 1874
- Blüthgen, 1955
- (Eversmann, 1852)
- Halictus sexcinctus (Fabricius, 1775)
- Blüthgen, 1923
- Vachal, 1895
- Ebmer, 1975
- Lebedev, 1910
- Blüthgen, 1923
- Blüthgen, 1926
- (Rossi, 1792)
- Blüthgen, 1936
- Blüthgen, 1933
- Blüthgen, 1955
- Ebmer, 1975
- Blüthgen, 1936
- Halictus tectus Radoszkowski, 1875
- Strand, 1909
- (Klug, 1817)
- Blüthgen, 1926
- Walker, 1871
- Pauly, 1998
- Blüthgen, 1933
- Blüthgen, 1923
- Halictus tripartitus Cockerell, 1895
- Strand, 1910
- Blüthgen, 1925
- Halictus tumulorum (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Morawitz, 1893
- Pesenko, 1984
- Cockerell, 1935
- Morawitz, 1894
- Blüthgen, 1931
- Lepeletier, 1841
- Vachal, 1894
- Halictus virgatellus Cockerell, 1901
- Blüthgen, 1936
- Blüthgen, 1933
- Warncke, 1984
- Pesenko & Wu, 1997
References[]
- ^ Carman, Geoffrey M. & Packer, Laurence (1996). "A cryptic species allied to Halictus ligatus Say (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) detected by allozyme electrophoresis". Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 69 (4): 168–176. JSTOR 25085714.
- ^ Discover Life
- ^ IT IS Report
- Michener, C.D. (2007). The Bees of the World. 2nd Edition. Johns Hopkins University Press.
External links[]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Halictus. |
- Halictus
- Bee genera
- Taxa named by Pierre André Latreille