Helicia

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Helicia
A hand-book to the flora of Ceylon (Plate LXXIX) (6430659811).jpg
Helicia ceylanica
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Proteales
Family: Proteaceae
Subfamily: Grevilleoideae
Tribe: Roupaleae
Subtribe: Heliciinae
Genus: Helicia
Lour.
Type species

Lour.[1][2]

Helicia is a genus of 110 species of trees and shrubs, constituting part of the plant family Proteaceae.[3] They grow naturally in rainforests throughout tropical South and Southeast Asia, including India, Sri Lanka, Indochina, Peninsular Malaysia to New Guinea and as far south as New South Wales.

Conservation[]

At global, national and regional government scales, many Helicia species have been threatened with extinction, as officially recognised by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and by continental, national and local governments. Sixteen species have official IUCN global conservation statuses of either "critically endangered", "endangered", "vulnerable" or "near threatened" (in terms of global extinction).

Naming and classification[]

In 1790, notable pioneer botanist João de Loureiro described this genus as Helicia in his publication .[1][2] The type species for the genus was Helicia cochinchinensis, the type specimen of which was collected in Cochinchina, Vietnam.[1][2] The genus name derives from the Greek word "έλιξ" (élix), which refers to the petals, now called tepals, spirally revolving or simply rolling or coiling up on themselves, at anthesis (the flowering time when the anthers open).[1][4][5]

In 1831, botanist Nathaniel Wallich named Helicia robusta for a dried specimen of a cultivated plant in India,[6] based on the specimen's earlier 1814 name Roupala robusta by William Roxburgh.[7] Roxburgh's Calcutta botanic gardens cultivated the plant.

From the 1850s to the 1860s notable German–Australian botanist Ferdinand von Mueller formally described several new Australian species.[8][9][10] In the late 1800s and early 1900s Frederick M. Bailey concentrated further on additional Queensland species, writing descriptions of them in numerous scientific papers.[11][12][13]

In 1939, Hermann O. Sleumer described many additional Malesian species, especially in New Guinea.[14] In 1955, he published a revision of the genus.[15] In 1956, his treatment of the genus in Flora Malesiana was published.[16] From 1969 to the late 1990s botanist Don B. Foreman, who was based in Papua New Guinea and Australia, collected numerous additional species, which he formally described before he wrote the comprehensive reviews and flora treatments for the two regions;[17][18][19][20] notably in the authoritative Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea (1978–1995, to date 3 volumes), he wrote the chapters for Proteaceae and other families;[21] and in the authoritative Flora of Australia (1981–, 60 volume series) he wrote the treatment of Helicia.[4]

From the 1990s botanist Richard C. K. Chung, based in Malaysia, published new species formal descriptions and a revision of the 13 species occurring in Borneo.[22][23] In total, approximately 100 species have been formally scientifically described.[24][25][26]

Lawrie Johnson and Barbara G. Briggs grouped Helicia with Xylomelum in the subtribe Heliciinae, tribe Helicieae, and subfamily Grevilleoideae in their 1975 monograph "On the Proteaceae: the evolution and classification of a southern family".[27] However, genetics studies showed these two to be relatively unrelated, instead finding the closest genetic correlations between Hollandaea and Helicia, and therefore classifying them both in the subtribe Heliciinae within the tribe Roupaleae.[24]

Diversity and description[]

Helicia glabriflora from New South Wales, Australia

Helicia plants generally grow naturally as small trees, while some species grow as shrubs and some grow to medium-sized trees up to 30 m (100 ft).[16][21][28]

They grow naturally across the Malesia region with the major centre of species diversity of about fifty species in New Guinea. They grow naturally in the south west Pacific ocean region, and in north and eastern Australia. They grow naturally across southern and eastern Asia, including Indonesia, Malaysia and another centre of species diversity of about twenty species in southern China, extending to parts of the Indian subcontinent, the Philippines, Taiwan, and southern Japan.[16][21][24] The plant family Proteaceae's 1,700 species (approximate) have their greatest diversity in the southern hemisphere and smaller centres of diversity including some Helicia, in the near northern hemisphere. The species diversity of the plant family Proteaceae decreases further northwards. H. cochinchinensis has the natural distribution reaching furthest north to Japan where it grows into trees in the mountains of warmer parts and where no other species nor other Proteaceae genera occur. The same Japanese name Yama-mogashi (山もがし) for this species, also means the whole genus and the entire Proteaceae plant family.[29] In the New Guinea and southern China centres of species diversity, many species grow in forests, up to as tall as the sub-canopy, especially diverse in rainforests.[21][24] In Australia, they are generally components of rainforests, and prefer richer soils,[28] especially in the farthest south region of Helicia's global distribution, the Illawarra, New South Wales, south of Sydney, where only one species H. glabriflora occurs, preferring richer basalt soils.[30][31]

Cultivation[]

In India and east Asia Helicias have been cultivated in botanic gardens, from the 1800s.[7] In Australia they have rarely been cultivated, and were thought to have little horticultural value. The rusty-coloured new growth is attractive on some species.[28] In some of the better known Australian species, the flowers and fruit are generally not prominent, and plants can be slow growing. They are generally propagated by seed, the viability of which drops rapidly with time.[32]

Species[]

(this list may have a small number of species missing, presently it has 99, out of the approximate total stated by sources of 110)

  • Helicia acutifolia Sleumer[14][33] – New Guinea – Globally Vulnerable[34]
  • Sleumer[14][33] – New Guinea
  • Helicia albiflora Sleumer[14][35] – New Guinea[2] – Globally Near threatened[36]
  • Helicia amplifolia Sleumer[14][37] – New Guinea – Globally Near threatened[38]
  • Sleumer[39] – New Guinea
  • Helicia attenuata (Jack) Blume – Borneo[22]
  • Helicia australasica F.Muell.[8][13][17][40] – New Guinea, Australia[2][4][41] – Globally Vulnerable[42]
  • Helicia blakei Foreman[17] – Australia[2][4][43]
  • Sleumer[44] – New Guinea
  • Helicia calocoma Foreman[18][45] – New Guinea[2] – Globally Vulnerable[46]
  • F.Muell[47] – New Guinea
  • Sleumer[14](Syn: H. brassii, H. divaricata Sleumer (1939))[48] – New Guinea
  • Foreman[20] – New Guinea[2]
  • Gardner – Sri Lanka endemic[49]
  • W.W.Sm.[50] – China region
  • Lour.[51] – China, Indochina, Taiwan, Japan[29]
  • P.Royen[52] – New Guinea
  • Sleumer[14][53] – New Guinea
  • [54] – China region
  • Helicia excelsa (Roxb.) Blume – Borneo[22]
  • C.Y.Wu[55] – China region
  • Helicia ferruginea F.Muell.[10][13][17] – Australia[2][4]
  • Lauterb.[56] – New Guinea
  • F.Muell[57] – New Guinea
  • Hemsl.[58] – China region
  • Foreman[20] – New Guinea[2]
  • Helicia fuscotomentosa Suess. – Borneo endemic[22]
  • Helicia glabriflora F.Muell.[9][13][17] – eastern Australia[2][4][30][31]
  • Merr. – Philippines endemic[59]
  • Helicia grandifolia Lecomte – Vietnam endemic[60] – Globally Vulnerable[61]
  • Hemsl.[62] – China region
  • Helicia grayi Foreman[17] – Australia[2][4][63]
  • Hayata[64] – China region
  • Diels[65] – New Guinea, New Britain
  • Sleumer[14][66] – New Guinea[2]
  • Helicia insularis Foreman[18][67] – New Guinea[2] – Globally Endangered[68]
  • Foreman[20] – New Guinea
  • [69] – China region
  • Foreman[18][70] – New Guinea[2]
  • Helicia lamingtoniana (F.M.Bailey) C.T.White ex L.S.Sm.[11][17] – Australia[2][4][71]
  • Helicia latifolia C.T.White[72] – New Guinea – Globally Near threatened[73]
  • Sleumer[14](Syn: H. grandifolia Lauterb. (1910), non Lecomte (1910))[74] – New Guinea
  • Diels[75] – New Guinea
  • Helicia lewisensis Foreman[17] – NE Queensland, Australia[2][4][76]
  • Sleumer[14][75] – New Guinea
  • Merr. & Chun[77] – China region
  • C.Presl – Philippines endemic[78]
  • Lauterb.[79] – New Guinea
  • Helicia maxwelliana Gibbs – Borneo: Sabah endemic, rare[22]
  • C.T.White[80] (Syn: H. arguta Sleumer[14]) – New Guinea
  • Diels[81] – New Guinea
  • (R.Br.) Blume – Moluccas[82]
  • Helicia neglecta Diels ex Sleumer[14][81] – New Guinea Bismarck Archipelago endemic: New Britain, New Ireland – Globally Vulnerable[83]
  • Helicia nilagirica Bedd.[84] – Southeast Asia, Yunnan, India, Nepal
  • Helicia nortoniana (F.M.Bailey) F.M.Bailey[12][13][17] – Australia[2][4][85]
  • Helicia obovata Benn. – Java, Borneo[22]
  • Merr. & Chun[86] – China region
  • (H.L.Li) Sleumer[87] – China region
  • var. obovatifolia[88] – China region
  • Sleumer[14](Syn: H. clemensiae Sleumer (1939))[89] – New Guinea
  • Diels[90] – New Guinea
  • Sleumer[14][91] – New Guinea
  • Diels[92] – New Guinea
  • Diels[93] – New Guinea
  • Merr. – Philippines endemic[94]
  • Helicia peekelii Lauterb.[95] – New Guinea Bismarck Archipelago: New Ireland endemic – Globally Vulnerable[96]
  • Helicia peltata C.T.White[97] – New Guinea – Globally Critically endangered[98]
  • Helicia petiolaris Benn. – Borneo[22]
  • Sleumer[14][91] – New Guinea
  • Helicia polyosmoides Foreman[18][99] – New Guinea Bismarck Archipelago: Manus Island endemic[2] – Globally Critically endangered[100]
  • Helicia pterygota Sleumer – Borneo: Sabah endemic, rare[22]
  • Kurz[101] – China region
  • Helicia recurva Foreman[19] – Queensland Australia[2][4]
  • Masam.[102] – China region
  • Sleumer[14][103] – New Guinea[2]
  • W.T.Wang[104] – China region
  • Helicia retusa Foreman[18][103] – New Guinea[2] – Globally Vulnerable[105]
  • (Roxb.) R.Br. ex Wall. var. robusta – Malesia: Borneo,[22] Philippines, India[106]
  • Helicia rostrata Foreman[18][107] – New Guinea[2] – Globally Vulnerable[108]
  • Prain – Borneo, rare[22]
  • Sleumer[14][109] – New Guinea
  • Sleumer[109] – New Guinea
  • Lauterb.[110] – New Guinea
  • Sleumer[14][111][112] – New Guinea
  • (R.Br.) Blume var. serrata – Borneo[22]
  • – Borneo: Sabah & Sarawak endemic, uncommon[22][23]
  • Helicia shweliensis W.W.Sm.[113] – China region – Globally Endangered[114]
  • W.W.Sm.[115] – China region
  • Foreman[20] – New Guinea
  • Diels[116] – New Guinea
  • Helicia subcordata Foreman[18][116] – New Guinea[2] – Globally Critically endangered[117]
  • R.C.K.Chung – Borneo: Sabah endemic, rare[22][23]
  • H.S.Kiu[118] – China region
  • Lauterb.[119] – New Guinea
  • W.T.Wang[120] – China region
  • Diels ex Sleumer[14][121] – New Guinea Bismarck Archipelago endemic: New Britain, New Ireland
  • Foreman[20] – New Guinea
  • Foreman[20] – New Guinea[2]
  • W.W.Sm.[122]
  • W.T.Wang[123] – China region
  • var. vestita[124] – China region incl. Thailand
  • Ridl.[125] – New Guinea
  • H.S.Kiu[126] – China region

References[]

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  5. ^ Helicia formosana flowers closeup by mingiweng 3 July 2007 on Flickr
    Helicia formosana flowers closeup by Foggy Forest 17 July 2012 on Flickr
    Helicia formosana flowers closeup by mingiweng 12 June 2007 on Flickr
  6. ^ Wallich, Nathaniel (1831). "no. 2702 Helicia robusta". Numerical list of dried specimens of plants in the Museum of the East India Company which have been supplied by Dr. Wallich, superintendent of the [company's] botanic garden at Calcutta. London (published 1828–1849). Retrieved 21 Apr 2013 – via biodiversitylibrary.org.
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  117. ^ "Helicia subcordata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1998. 1998. Retrieved 28 Dec 2013.
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  126. ^ Qiu & Weston (2004) Flora of China. Online "Helicia yangchunensis". Retrieved 21 Apr 2013.

Cited works[]

  • Foreman, Don B. (1995). "Proteaceae". In Conn, Barry J. (ed.). Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea. (Digitised, online, freely available via www.pngplants.org). 3. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. pp. 221–270. Retrieved 22 Mar 2013.
  • F.A. Zich; B.P.M Hyland; T. Whiffen; R.A. Kerrigan (2020). "Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants Home". Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants, Edition 8. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). Retrieved 22 March 2021.
  • LaFrankie, J. V. (2011). "Helicia". Flora of the Philippines: Proteaceae [draft]. Flora of the Philippines online, updated 3 Sept 2012, through philippineflora.info. University of the Philippines. Archived from the original on 29 December 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
  • Qiu, Huaxing; Weston, Peter H. (2004). "Helicia Lour". Flora of China. Online version. eFloras. Beijing and St. Louis, MO: Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Retrieved 21 Apr 2013.
  • Sleumer, Hermann O. (1956). "Helicia". Flora Malesiana Vol. 5 : Proteaceae. Series I, Spermatophyta : Flowering Plants. Leiden, The Netherlands: Rijksherbarium / Hortus Botanicus, Leiden University. pp. 164–190. Retrieved 21 Apr 2013.

External links[]

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