Heliconius numata

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Numata longwing
Heliconius numata 10.jpg
Heliconius numata, underside
Heliconiinae - Heliconius numata.JPG
H. numata on Passiflora flower. Upperside
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Nymphalidae
Genus: Heliconius
Species:
H. numata
Binomial name
Heliconius numata
(Cramer, 1780)[1]
Subspecies

Many, see text

Synonyms
List
  • Papilio numata Cramer, [1780]
  • Eueides pione Hübner, 1816
  • Heliconius numata var. melanops Weymer, 1894
  • Heliconius numata var. guiensis Riffarth, 1900
  • Heliconius numata isabellinus f. intermedia Boullet & Le Cerf, 1909
  • Heliconius numata f. melanopors Joicey & Kaye, 1917
  • Papilio silvana Stoll, [1781]
  • Heliconius diffusus Butler, 1873
  • Heliconius silvana var. divisus Kaye, 1906
  • Heliconius numata silvaniformis Joicey & Kaye, 1917
  • Heliconius silvana atakama Neustetter, 1931
  • Heliconius dryalus Hopffer, 1869
  • Heliconius ethra ab. brasiliensis Neustetter, 1907
  • Heliconius ethra var. hopfferi Neustetter, 1907
  • Heliconia aristiona Hewitson, [1853]
  • Heliconius aristiona var. peruana Hopffer, 1879
  • Heliconius aristiona var. splendidus Weymer, 1894
  • Heliconius aurora Bates, 1862
  • Heliconius numata var. isabellinus Bates, 1862
  • Heliconius eupharius Weymer, 1890
  • Heliconius gordius Weymer, 1894
  • Heliconius floridus Weymer, 1894
  • Heliconius seraphion Weymer, 1894
  • Heliconius gradatus Weymer, 1894
  • Heliconius aristiona aurora f. michaeli Neustetter, 1931
  • Heliconius aristiona aurora f. deflavata Neustetter, 1932
  • Heliconius aristiona idalion f. excelsa Neustetter, 1932
  • Heliconius euphone C. & R. Felder, 1862
  • Heliconius idalion Weymer, 1894
  • Heliconius tleson Riffarth, 1901
  • Heliconius aganippe Riffarth, 1901
  • Heliconius aristiona lepidus Riffarth, 1907
  • Heliconius idalion f. confluens Neustetter, 1912
  • Heliconius euphone ab. nephele Seitz, 1916
  • Heliconius euphone ab. confluxus Seitz, 1916
  • Heliconius aristiona euphorbius Stichel, 1923
  • Heliconius mixta Apolinar, 1927
  • Heliconius numatus laura Neustetter, 1932
  • Heliconius messene C. & R. Felder, 1862
  • Heliconius sikinos Riffarth, 1901
  • Heliconius aristiona messene f. juncta Neustetter, 1925
  • Heliconius aristiona colombiana Apolinar, 1927
  • Heliconius aristiona messene f. euphrasinus Neustetter, 1928
  • Heliconius bicoloratus Butler, 1873
  • Heliconius bicoloratus var. phalaris Weymer, 1894 Heliconia arcuella Druce, 1874
  • Heliconius elegans Weymer, 1894
  • Heliconius numatus praelautus Stichel, 1906
  • Heliconius nubifer Butler, 1875
  • Heliconius superioris Butler, 1875
  • Heliconius numata var. maecenas Weymer, 1894
  • Heliconius numatus sincerus Riffarh, 1907
  • Heliconia numilia Herrich-Schäffer, 1865
  • Heliconius aulicus Weymer, 1883
  • Heliconius lenaeus Weymer, 1891
  • Heliconius colepta Riffarth, 1901
  • Heliconius lyrcaeus Weymer, 1891
  • Heliconius timaeus Weymer, 1894
  • Heliconius geminatus Weymer, 1894
  • Heliconius mirus var. illustris Weymer, 1894
  • Heliconius silvana mirificus Stichel, 1906
  • Heliconius novatus subnutilus Stichel, 1906
  • Heliconius superioris var. mavors Weymer, 1894
  • Heliconius numata superioris ab. translata Joicey & Kaye, 1917
  • Heliconius mirus Weymer, 1894
  • Heliconius leopardus Weymer, 1894
  • Heliconius spadicarius Weeks, 1901
  • Heliconius arethusa Riffarth, 1901
  • Helicons novatus obscurior Stichel, 1906
  • Heliconius novatus artemis Riffarth, 1907
  • Heliconius insolitus Avinoff, 1926
  • Heliconius novatus f. confluens Neustetter, 1931
  • Heliconius aristiona tarapotensis Riffarth, 1901
  • Heliconius staudingeri Weymer, 1894
  • Heliconius staudingeri var. pretiosus Weymer, 1894
  • Heliconius aristiona lepidus f. gracilis Riffarth, 1907
  • Heliconius aristiona timaeus f. aristeus Neustetter, 1931
  • Heliconius aristiona staudingeri f. lutea Neustetter, 1931

Heliconius numata, the Numata longwing, is a brush-footed butterfly species belonging to the family Nymphalidae, subfamily Heliconiinae.

Distribution and habitat[]

This species is native to most of South America, from Venezuela to South Brazil (Guyana, French Guiana, Surinam, Guatemala, Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Brazil and Peru). H. numata is a neotropical species, less common in virgin forest than in areas of secondary growth. It occurs at an elevation of 0–1,800 metres (0–5,906 ft) above sea level in tall forests.[1][2]

Subspecies[]

Subspecies include:[2]

  • Heliconius numata numata (Surinam, French Guiana, Guyana)
  • Heliconius numata silvana (Stoll, 1781) (Surinam, Guyana, Venezuela, Guatemala, Brazil: Pará, Amazonas)
  • Heliconius numata ethra (Hübner, [1831]) (Brazil: Espírito Santo)
  • Heliconius numata aristiona Hewitson, [1853] (Bolivia, Peru)
  • Heliconius numata aurora Bates, 1862 (Brazil: Amazonas, Colombia, Bolivia, Peru)
  • Heliconius numata euphone C. & R. Felder, 1862 (Colombia, Ecuador)
  • Heliconius numata messene C. & R. Felder, 1862 (Colombia)
  • Heliconius numata bicoloratus Butler, 1873 (Peru)
  • Heliconius numata arcuella Druce, 1874 (Peru)
  • Heliconius numata nubifer Butler, 1875 (Brazil: Amazonas)
  • Heliconius numata superioris Butler, 1875 (Brazil: Amazonas, Pará, Venezuela)
  • Heliconius numata robigus Weymer, 1875 (Venezuela)
  • Heliconius numata aulicus Weymer, 1883 (Venezuela)
  • Heliconius numata lenaeus Weymer, 1891 (Ecuador)
  • Heliconius numata lyrcaeus Weymer, 1891 (Peru)
  • Heliconius numata geminatus Weymer, 1894 (Brazil: Amazonas)
  • Heliconius numata illustris Weymer, 1894(Peru)
  • Heliconius numata mavors Weymer, 1894 (Brazil: Amazonas)
  • Heliconius numata mirus Weymer, 1894 (Bolivia)
  • Heliconius numata tarapotensis Riffarth, 1901 (Peru)
  • Heliconius numata zobrysi Fruhstorfer, 1910 (Brazil: Mato Grosso)
  • Heliconius numata ignotus Joicey & Kaye, 1917 (Peru)
  • Heliconius numata talboti Joicey & Kaye, 1917 (Peru)
  • Heliconius numata pratti Joicey & Kaye, 1917 (Peru)
  • Heliconius numata peeblesi Joicey & Talbot, 1925 (Venezuela)
  • Heliconius numata jiparanaensis Neustetter, 1931 (Brazil: Rondônia)
  • Heliconius numata holzingeri Fernández & Brown, 1976 (Venezuela)
  • Heliconius numata sourensis Brown, 1976 (Brazil: Pará)

Description[]

Heliconius numata has a wingspan of 78 millimetres (3.1 in). These very large butterflies have long and rounded wings of brown and orange color, with very variable markings due to its capacity of mimicry with several species. The caterpillar is white with black spots and black thorns.

Biology[]

H. numata is known for its mimicry of Melinaea butterflies.[3] Both H. numata and the species of Melinaea it resembles are unpalatable to predators, making this a case of Müllerian mimicry, a mutualistic reinforcement of the same negative signal.[4]

Both males and females are attracted to red or orange flowers, or indeed to pieces of cloth colored red or orange. Eggs typically are found on low-growing vines of Passiflora. Caterpillars mainly feed on plants from the subgenera , Astrophea and (Passifloraceae) and from the genera and Dilkea.[1][5]

Gallery[]

  • Heliconius numata bicoloratus

  • Heliconius numata numata, dorsal, MHNT

  • Heliconius numata numata, ventral, MHNT

  • Top four are forms of Heliconius numata, bottom four are H. melpomene and H. erato

Bibliography[]

  • Brown K. S. 1981 The Biology of Heliconius and Related Genera. Annual Review of Entomology 26, 427-456.
  • Cramer, Pieter [1721_1776] 1780. De uitlandische Kapellen voorkomende in de drie Waereld-Deelen Asia, Africa en America. Papillons exotiques des trois parties du monde l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Amérique. Amsteldam, S. J. Baalde; Utrecht, Barthelemy Wild and J. Van Schoonho-ven & Comp.

References[]

  1. ^ a b c "Heliconius numata (Cramer 1780)". Tree of Life. Retrieved 17 August 2011.
  2. ^ a b Funet - Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and some other life forms
  3. ^ Wade, Nicholas (15 August 2011). "A Supergene Paints Wings for Surviving Biological War". NY Times. Retrieved 17 August 2011.
  4. ^ "Tiger-patterned H. numata and Melinaea mimicry rings in NE Peru". University College London. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
  5. ^ Brown, Keith S.; Woodruff W. Benson (1974). "Adaptive polymorphism associated with multiple Müllerian mimicry in Heliconius numata (Lepid. Nymph.)". Biotropica. 6 (4). doi:10.2307/2989666. JSTOR 2989666.
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