Heracleum (plant)

Heracleum
Heracleum sphondylium
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Apiales
Family:	Apiaceae
Subfamily:	Apioideae
Genus:	Heracleum L.

Heracleum is a genus of biennial and perennial herbs in the carrot family Apiaceae. They are found throughout the temperate northern hemisphere and in high mountains as far south as Ethiopia. Common names for the genus or its species include hogweed^[1] and cow parsnip.^[2][3]

The genus name Heracleum was described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753.^[3] It derives from the Ancient Greek Ἡράκλειος (Hērákleios) "of Heracles", referring to the mythological hero.

Species[]

Many species of the genus Heracleum are similar in appearance.^[4] An outlier is H. mantegazzianum, the large size of which is exceptional. Common species include:

• Heracleum mantegazzianum, giant hogweed, native to the western Caucasus region of Eurasia, a serious invasive species in many areas of Europe and North America
• Heracleum sosnowskyi, Sosnowsky's hogweed, native to the eastern Caucasus, a common weed throughout Europe and Asia
• Heracleum persicum, Persian hogweed, native to Iran, Iraq, and Turkey
• Heracleum sphondylium, common hogweed, native to Europe and Asia
• Heracleum maximum, cow parsnip, native and common in North America

As of July 2019, Plants of the World Online accepts the following 148 species:

Classification and naming[]

Other than size, the related species H. mantegazzianum, H. sosnowskyi, and H. persicum have very similar characteristics. The common name giant hogweed usually refers to H. mantegazzianum alone but in some locales that common name refers to all three species as a group.^[5][4] Both H. maximum and H. sphondylium are often referred to as cow parsnip. To avoid confusion, these species are sometimes referred to as American cow parsnip and European cow parsnip, respectively.^[6][7]

The morphological similarity of species within the genus Heracleum and the difficulty of botanical identification has led to numerous synonyms and naming issues. For example, the classification of the species now widely known as H. maximum has been inconsistent. In the literature, the scientific names H. lanatum, H. maximum, and others are used interchangeably. Prior to 2000, the former name was most popular, but today the latter name is in vogue.

Phototoxic effects[]

Most species of the genus Heracleum are known to cause phytophotodermatitis.^[8] In particular, the public health risks of giant hogweed (H. mantegazzianum) are well known.^[9][10][11]

At least 36 species of the genus Heracleum have been reported to contain furanocoumarin,^[12] a chemical compound that sensitizes human skin to sunlight.^{[citation needed]} Of those, at least 25 species contained a psoralen derivative, either bergapten (5-methoxypsoralen) or methoxsalen (8-methoxypsoralen). Three of those species (H. mantegazzianum, H. sosnowskyi, and H. sphondylium) were found to contain both psoralen derivatives.

References[]