Heritage structures in Chennai

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Chennai, with historically rich records dating at least from the time of the Pallavas, houses 2,467 heritage buildings within its metropolitan area (CMA), the highest within any Metropolitan Area limit in India.[1] Most of these buildings are around 200 years old and older. Some of them are Chennai Central, Chennai Egmore, Ripon Building, Senate House, Bharat Insurance Building, and so forth.[2] Chennai is home to the second largest collection of heritage buildings in the country, after Kolkata.[3] The official list of heritage buildings was compiled by the Justice E. Padmanabhan committee.[4] The Tamil Nadu Assembly passed the Heritage Commission Act in 2012 to preserve old heritage structures.[5]

The structures will be categorised into three grades, namely, Grades I, II, and III. Grade I structures will be prime landmarks upon which no alterations will be permitted. Under Grade II, external changes on structures will be subject to scrutiny. Buildings under Grade III may be changed for 'adaptive reuse' with suitable internal and external changes.[6]

Heritage activism[]

Heritage buildings are defined as notified structures of historical, architectural, or cultural significance.[6] The heritage activism in the city began with the erstwhile Moore Market building fire in 1985.[7] In 1997, the state government initiated action to conserve heritage buildings. In 1998, a committee headed by Director of Town and Country Planning was constituted by the government to investigate aspects related to enactment of the Heritage Act.[8] In 1999, the committee submitted the draft of Tamil Nadu Heritage Conservation Act. In the same year, Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority (CMDA) constituted a Heritage Conservation Committee to draft regulations to conserve heritage buildings and precincts in the Chennai Metropolitan Area (CMA).[8] After the second master plan for the city was approved by the government on 2 September 2008, special rules for conservation of heritage buildings/precincts came into force.[6] In 2010, the criteria for listing the heritage structures in the CMA region was finalised, and in 2011, the process of assessment and documentation of heritage structures began.[8] A 17-member Heritage Commission was set up in May 2012 to maintain these structures, after a fire accident in Kalas Mahal, a 244-year-old heritage building in front of Marina beach.[9] As per the Commission's mandate, heritage buildings that are listed will get incentives, such as exemption from payment of taxes, and offenders who deface or destroy them will face penal action.[1]

In 2012, a list of heritage buildings was released by the Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority (CMDA) under the heritage conservation committee's (HCC) supervision. Criteria considered for notification as heritage structure include period of construction, exhibited trend, events or persons associated with the structure, and design, style, designer, physical condition, and design integrity for architecturally significant buildings.[6] The CMDA was expected to clear the first list of 70 heritage buildings compiled by the HCC. However, in 2013, the process of notification was delayed after 65 owners objected to the inclusion of their premises in the list. The Heritage Conservation Committee, however, overruled their objections.[8] Of the structures/precincts that figure on the list, 42 are government buildings and the remaining are private ones. The government buildings include the main building of the College of Engineering Guindy under Anna University, Madras High Court, General Post Office, Music and Dance College, Saidapet Teachers' College and King Institute of Preventive Medicine. Theosophical Society is one of the private premises that are expected to get listed as a heritage structure. When a building is notified as a heritage structure, the onus of repair and maintenance of the heritage structure will be on the structure's owner.[6] In July 2018, documentation of the last phase covering 192 of the 467 buildings listed by Justice E. Padhmanaban Committee began.[8]

Grading of heritage structures[]

The heritage structures have been classified into three grades, viz. Grade I, II, and III. Grade I includes buildings and precincts of national or historical importance, with excellence in architecture, style and design. These structures remain the chief landmarks of the city. Save for some minimal changes approved by the Heritage Conservation Committee (HCC), no intervention, both on the interior and on the exterior, will be permitted in these structures. Grade II includes those structures of regional or local importance with special architectural or aesthetic merit, cultural or historical value. Although internal changes to the structures and adaptive reuse are allowed, here, too, external changes are allowed after scrutiny by the HCC. Extension or construction of additional buildings in the same plot are permissible as long as they are in harmony with the existing structure, especially in terms of facade and height. Grade III includes structures of importance for town spaces. These structures evoke architectural or aesthetic interest, but not as much as the Grade II structures. Changes to both external and internal portions of the buildings are generally permissible for Grade III buildings.[8]

Structures listed by the HCC[]

Prominent buildings on the HCC's list include:

  • Madras High Court
  • Santhome Church
  • Anderson Church, Parry's
  • Church of Our Lady of Light (Luz Church), Mylapore
  • General Post Office, Rajaji Salai
  • Royapuram Railway Terminal
  • Theosophical Society Headquarters Building, Besant Avenue, Besant Nagar
  • City Civil Court Building, NSC Bose Road, Park Town
  • Madras Engineering College (Main Building), Anna University, Sardar Patel Road, Guindy
  • Bharathiyar Illam, Triplicane
  • Madras Club (Moubray's Cupola), Adyar Club Gate Road

Structures that remain to be documented include:

  • Loyala College, Nungambakkam
  • Horticultural Society, Cathedral Road
  • Royapuram Clock Tower
  • The Hindu, Anna Salai
  • Kamarajar Arangam, Anna Salai
  • Department of Public Instruction, College Road
  • Panagal Park, T. Nagar
  • Royapettah Clock Tower
  • Music Academy, TTK Road
  • CSI School of the Deaf, Santhome High Road

Buildings on the heritage list that do not exist any more include:

  • Chennai Central Prison, Park Town
  • Old Sacred Heart Shrine, Pantheon Road
  • Roxy Theatre, Purasawalkam High Road
  • Old Jail, Prakasam Road
  • Old building of Kalaivanar Arangam, Wallajah Road

List of heritage structures[]

S.No Building Architectural style Year of
construction 		Architect Neighborhood Notes Image
1. Parthasarathy Temple Dravidian architecture c. 6th century CE Triplicane Built by Narasimhavarman I Tiruvallikeni1.jpg
2. Descent of the Ganges Dravidian architecture c. 7th century CE Mahabalipuram One of the Group of Monuments at Mamallapuram that were designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1984.[10] Descent of the Ganges 01.jpg
3. Kapaleeshwarar Temple Dravidian architecture c. 7th century CE Mylapore Built by the Pallava kings. Kapaleeswarar1.jpg
4. Thyagaraja Temple Dravidian architecture c. 7th century CE Tiruvottiyur Built by the Pallava kings. Thyagaraswamy1.jpg
5. Marundeeswarar Temple Dravidian architecture c. 7th–8th century CE Thiruvanmiyur Expanded during the Chola dynasty.[11] Marundeeswarar7.jpg
6. Bhaktavatsala Perumal Temple Dravidian architecture Before 820 CE Thirunindravur Built during the Pallava's reign.[12] Bakthavtsala perumal gopuram.jpg
7. Dhenupureeswarar Temple Dravidian architecture c. 957–970 CE Madambakkam Built during the reign of the Chola king, Parantaka Chola II, father of Raja Raja Chola I, who constructed the Brihadeeswarar Temple in Thanjavur. Consolidated with stones during the reign of Kulothunga Chola I.[13][14] Thenubureeswarar temple madambakkam.jpg
8. Thiruporur Kandaswamy temple Dravidian architecture c. 10th century CE Thiruporur Built during the Pallava era.[15] THIRUPORUR(TOWN PANCHAYAT KANCHIPURAM DISTRICT ) KANDASAMY TEMPLE.jpg
9. Tirusoolanathar Temple Dravidian architecture 11th century CE Tirusulam Built by Kulothunga Chola I around 11th century CE.[16] Trisulanathar temple.jpg
10. Tiruvalithayam Tiruvallesvarar Temple Dravidian architecture c. 11th century CE Padi The temple dates back to several centuries earlier. The presiding deity of the temple is revered in the 7th-century Tamil Shaivite canonical work, the Tevaram.[17] Existing structure built during the reign of the Chola dynasty around 11th century CE. Tiruvalithayam1.jpg
11. Velveeswarar Temple Dravidian architecture c. 11th century CE Valasaravakkam Constructed by Kulothunga Chola I (reigned c. 1070–1122 CE).
12. Mylapore Karaneeswarar Temple Dravidian architecture c. 12th century CE Mylapore
13. Kundrathur Murugan Temple Dravidian architecture 12th century CE Kundrathur Built by Kulothunga Chola II (r. 1133–1150 CE). Kundratur2.jpg
14. Kurungaleeswarar Temple Dravidian architecture 12th century CE Koyambedu Dates back to the Kulothunga Chola period (c. 1133–1150 CE).
15. Dravidian architecture Before 1241 CE Kundrathur Details of temple renovations from time to time are found in epigraphic findings dating back 1241 CE during the Rajaraja Chola period.[18]
16. Ekambareswarar–Valluvar Temple Dravidian architecture Before early 16th century CE Mylapore Also known as the Thiruvalluvar Temple. Built on an older structure that is said to be in existence since antiquity.[19][20] EntranceValluvarMylaporeTemple.jpg
17. Church of Our Lady of Light Herrerian 1516[21] Mylapore Built by Portuguese explorers in Mylapore Chennai and has a oldest Madonna Painting of Mary with Jesus up in the Altar.
Luz church, Chennai.jpg
18. Fort St. George 1640 George Town First major British settlements in India, leading to the foundation of the city of Madras. One of the 163 notified areas (megalithic sites) in the state of Tamil Nadu.[22] Fort St. George.jpg
19. Kalikambal Temple Dravidian architecture c. 1640 George Town Originally located by the seashore and was relocated to the current site in 1640 CE. Visited incognito by the Maratha warrior Shivaji on 3 October 1667.[23][24]: 384  Kaalikaambaal Temple Main Entrance, Chennai.jpg
20. St Mary's Co-Cathedral 1658[25] George Town St. Mary's Co-cathedral Church, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, in India.jpg
21. Kandaswami Temple Dravidian architecture c. 1670s George Town Built by Maari Chettiar. The existing stone reinforcement was made during the early 1800s.[26]
22. St. Mary's Church 1680 Fort St. George St Mary's Church Chennai.jpg
23. Dargha of Sufi Saint Syed Moosa Sha Khaderi 17th century Anna Salai Dargha Syed Moosa Sha Khaderi in Anna Salai, Chennai.jpg
24. Kachchaleswarar Temple Dravidian architecture 1725 George Town Built by Kalavai Chetty, a 'dubash' working for the British East India Company, on a land belonging to him.[24]: 383  Facade of Kacchaaleeshwarar Koil, Chennai.jpg
25. Chennakesava Perumal Temple Dravidian architecture 1762 George Town Originally dates back to 1646, along with Mallikesvarar Temple as twin temples. Rebuilt in a new location in 1762.[27][28] Chennakesava Perumal Temple.jpg
26. Mallikesvarar Temple Dravidian architecture 1762 George Town Originally dates back to 1646, along with Chennakesava Perumal Temple as twin temples. Rebuilt in a new location in 1762.[27][28]
27. Chepauk Palace Indo-Saracenic Around 1764 Chepauk The official residence of the Nawab of Arcot from 1768 to 1855 Chepauk Palace.jpg
28. Triplicane Big Mosque Mughal 1765[21] Triplicane Triplicane Wallajah Mosque.JPG
29. Government Museum Buildings Indo-Saracenic 1789 Henry Irwin Egmore Constructed between 1789 and 1890 Madras museum theatre in October 2007.jpg
30. Amir Mahal Indo-Saracenic 1798 Royapettah AMIR MAHAL - panoramio (1).jpg
31. Government Central Press 1807 George Town
32. Thousand Lights Mosque 1810[21] Anna Salai Thousand Lights Mosque (6708375421).jpg
33. Egmore Eye Hospital 1819 Egmore
34. St Andrew's Church Georgian church architecture 1821 Major De Havilland Egmore Built at a cost of 20,000 UK pounds St Andrews Church - The Kirk.jpg
35. Police headquarters 1839 Mylapore Renovated in 1993.[29] Tamil Nadu Police head Quarters Beach Road Chennai.jpg
36. Tamil Nadu Police Museum Indo-Saracenic 1842 Egmore [30]
37. Christ Church 1844 Anna Salai Possibly the first congregation outside Fort St George.
38. Higginbotham's 1844 Anna Salai The first and the oldest existing book shop in India. Higginbothams.jpg
39. Government College of Fine Arts and Crafts Indo-Saracenic 1850 Robert Fellowes Chisholm Egmore The first school of arts in Asia Govt Fine Arts College Madras.jpg
40. Royapuram railway station 1853 Royapuram Designed by William Adelpi Tracey.[31] Third oldest railway station in the country and the oldest in South India.[32] Royapuram-Stn-Oct07.jpg
41. The Mail 1868 Anna Salai The Mail 2.jpg
42. Chennai Central railway station Gothic Revival 1873 George Harding Park Town Built as a second terminus to decongest the Royapuram harbour station, which was being utilised for port movements. Built in a combination of styles, namely, Gothic and Romanesque.[33] Chennai train station.jpg
43. Senate House, University of Madras Indo-Saracenic 1879 Robert Fellowes Chisholm Chepauk Incorporates many elements of the Byzantine style.[34] The great hall of the Senate House is of immense height and proportions, considered to be the finest of its kind in India.[34][35] The Senate House, Madras.jpg
44. P Orr & Sons 1879 Anna Salai P.Orr & Sons - Interior (2).jpg
45. Deputy Inspector General of Registration 1880 George Town Housed registration department offices. Spread over 20,000 sq ft.[36]
46. The Hindu 1883 Anna Salai The Hindu front.jpg
47. General Post Office 1884 Robert Fellowes Chisholm George Town Built at a cost of ₹ 680,000.[37] The General Post Office, Chennai.jpeg
48. Victoria Public Hall Indo-Saracenic 1888-1890 Robert Fellowes Chisholm Park Town The venue of the first cinema show in Chennai. Victoria Public Hall, Chennai.JPG
49. Madras High Court Indo-Saracenic 1892 J. W. Brassington, Henry Irwin George Town The court buildings are believed to be the second largest judicial complex in the world after the one in London. The complex also houses the largest number of courts in Asia.[38][39][40] Chennai High Court.jpg
50. Santhome Church Gothic revival architecture 1896 Caption J. A. Power Santhome Built over the tomb of Saint Thomas the Apostle by Portuguese explorers in 1523 and later rebuild by British in 1893. It is considered to be the oldest church of Chennai. St Thomas Basilica, Mylapore, Chennai.jpg
51. Bharat Insurance Building Indo-Saracenic 1897 Anna Salai Originally known as Kardyl Building
52. State Bank of India Building Victorian Architecture 1897 Col. Samuel Jacob George Town The Bank of Madras.jpeg
53. Red Fort building at the Madras Medical College 1897 Park Town [41]
54. King Institute of Preventive Medicine and Research 1899 Anna Salai, Guindy
55. 1904–05 Madras Veterinary College (now located opposite) started functioning.
56. National Art Gallery Indo-Saracenic 1906 Henry Irwin Egmore Chennai National Art Gallery.jpg
57. Egmore Railway Station Indo-Saracenic 1908 Henry Irwin Egmore 02Madras Egmore Station.jpg
58. Madras Record Office Indo-Saracenic 1909[42] G. S. T. Harris Egmore Currently known as Tamil Nadu Archives/Department of Archives & Historical Research
59. Ripon Building Indo-Saracenic 1913 G.S.T Harris Park Town Built at a cost of ₹ 750,000. Ripon Building Chennai.JPG
60. Kilpauk Water Works 1914 Kilpauk First water treatment facility with 80 mld capacity.[43]
61. Gove Building (formerly Cuddon Building) 1916 Anna Salai Chennai (6708360121).jpg
62. Egmore court complex 1916 Egmore Indo-Saracenic style of architecture. Spread over 8,640 square feet, it housed the Chief Metropolitan Magistrate Court, three additional Chief Metropolitan Magistrate courts and 10 magistrate and fast track courts. Restored in 2018 at a cost of ₹ 48 million. The same year, a new 6-storied 71,200-square-feet building, with 12 court halls, was constructed at the premises as additional court complex.[44]
63. College of Engineering Indo-Saracenic 1920[45] Guindy Designed by consulting architect W. H. Nicholls and later by chief engineer F. J. Wilson.[31] CEG main building with leaf.JPG
64. Southern Railway headquarters Indo-Saracenic 1921 N. Grayson Park Town Originally built as the new Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway Company (MSMR) headquarters (successor of Madras Railway Company), replacing the general office of MSMR at Royapuram Railway Station. Built for the first time in India in reinforced concrete in classical and Dravidian styles.[46] Southern Railway HQ.jpg
65. Suguna Vilasa Sabha 1936 Anna Salai Possibly one of the earliest drama theatres with stalwarts like Pammal Sambanda Mudaliar — now called SVS Club.
66. Triplicane பாரதி நினைவு இல்லம் முகப்பு தோற்றம்.JPG

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ a b Mariappan, Julie (10 July 2012). "Long history of service". The Times of India. Chennai. Archived from the original on 3 January 2013. Retrieved 12 November 2012.
  2. ^ Heritage building gets a breather
  3. ^ Ravishankar, Sandhya (6 September 2007). "No fire safety norms at Chennai heritage buildings". IBN Live. Chennai: CNN IBN. Archived from the original on 3 January 2013. Retrieved 20 November 2012.
  4. ^ Ravi, Bhama Devi (18 April 2012). "Tamil Nadu's shameful disregard for heritage buildings". Sify News. Chennai. Archived from the original on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 12 November 2012.
  5. ^ Sharma, Reetu (23 August 2014). "Chennai turns 375: Things you should know about 'Gateway to South India'". One India. Chennai: One India. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
  6. ^ a b c d e Xavier Lopez, Aloysius (6 February 2013). "42 government buildings among 70 vying for heritage status". The Hindu. Chennai. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
  7. ^ Sriram, V. (10 October 2008). "To market, to market..." India Today. Chennai. Retrieved 29 November 2012.
  8. ^ a b c d e f "Conserving Chennai's Past". The Hindu. Chennai. 3 July 2018. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
  9. ^ Srivathsan, A (19 September 2013). "Heritage commission remains on paper". The Hindu. Chennai. Retrieved 20 September 2013.
  10. ^ "Group of Monuments at Mamallapuram". UNESCO. Retrieved 3 March 2007.
  11. ^ Hodgetts, Jim Brayley (2008), Madras Matters At Home in South India, Hodgetts, ISBN 978-1-4357-0887-7
  12. ^ Madhavan, Chithra (2007). Vishnu Temples of South India Volume 1 (Tamil Nadu). Chithra Madhavan. p. 36. ISBN 978-81-908445-0-5.
  13. ^ Rohini Ramakrishnan (22 June 2010). "Walking through history". The Hindu. Retrieved 24 July 2014.
  14. ^ Chitra Madhavan (26 September 2003). "Ancient Chola temple at Madambakkam". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 6 December 2003. Retrieved 23 July 2014.
  15. ^ J.V., Siva Prasanna Kumar (12 July 2013). "Rs 100 cr Kandaswamy temple lands recovered". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
  16. ^ "Tirusula Nathar Temple, Trisulam, Chennai suburb (திருசுல நாதர்)". tamilbrahmins.com.
  17. ^ "Thiruvalithayam". Dharumapuram Adheenam. 25 April 2020.
  18. ^ "Sri Kandhazheeswarar temple". Dinamalar Temples. Dinamalar. n.d. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  19. ^ Joanne Punzo Waghorne (2004). Diaspora of the Gods: Modern Hindu Temples in an Urban Middle-Class World. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-515663-8.: 120–125 
  20. ^ Waghorne, 2004, pp. 120–125.
  21. ^ a b c Priya, R. Sasi Mary; Radhakrishnan, V. (March–April 2016). "The art and architectures along the Tamil Nadu coast" (PDF). International Journal of Art & Humanity Science. 3 (2): 43. ISSN 2349-5235. Retrieved 18 December 2021.
  22. ^ Madhavan, D. (20 December 2012). "National Institute of Siddha modifies expansion plan". The Hindu. Chennai: Kasturi & Sons. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
  23. ^ "Chennai High: Where history beckons". The Times of India. Chennai. 27 August 2010. Archived from the original on 16 February 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2013.
  24. ^ a b Muthiah, S. (2014). Madras Rediscovered. Chennai: EastWest. ISBN 978-93-84030-28-5.
  25. ^ Muthiah, S. (2004). Madras Rediscovered. East West Books (Madras) Pvt Ltd. ISBN 81-88661-24-4.
  26. ^ "History of Kandha kottam temple". Kandha kottam temple official website. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
  27. ^ a b "Chenna kesava perumal temple, Chennai". Official temple website. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  28. ^ a b Muthiah, S. (4 March 2012). "The 'Town Temple' resurrected". The Hindu. Chennai, India.
  29. ^ Iyengar, Pushpa (2 June 2008). "Cornered Stones". Outlook India. Outlook India.com. Archived from the original on 19 February 2011. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
  30. ^ Balasubramanian, Roshne (10 October 2021). "New police museum in Chennai is a place of pride for peacekeepers". The New Indian Express. Chennai: Express Publications. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
  31. ^ a b http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/pdfs/seminar_heritage_buildings/History_of_Historical_Monuments_in_and_around_Chennai.pdf
  32. ^ "Third oldest railway station in country set to turn 156". Deccan Chronicle. Chennai. Archived from the original on 29 June 2012. Retrieved 27 June 2012.
  33. ^ Kurian, Nimi (18 August 2006). "Long history of service". The Hindu. Chennai. Archived from the original on 20 August 2006. Retrieved 3 November 2012.
  34. ^ a b Srinivasachari, Introduction, p 262
  35. ^ Srinivasachari, Introduction, p xxxiv
  36. ^ K., Lakshmi (13 December 2017). "3 historic buildings to rise from the ruins". The Hindu. Chennai: Kasturi & Sons. p. 2. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
  37. ^ Muthiah, S. (30 October 2011). "Madras miscellany — The Madras G.P.O. beginnings". The Hindu. Chennai: Kasturi & Sons. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  38. ^ "Madras High Court". BSNL. Archived from the original on 30 January 2012. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
  39. ^ "High Court Building". CHENNAI-DIRECTORY.COM. Archived from the original on 5 June 2013. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
  40. ^ Chandru, K. (26 November 2011). "Some thoughts around the Madras High Court". The Hindu. Chennai: Kasturi & Sons. Retrieved 27 November 2011.
  41. ^ Josephine M., Serena (1 August 2018). "'Red Fort' at Madras Medical College to reopen as museum". The Hindu. Chennai. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
  42. ^ "Archives and Historical Research Department".
  43. ^ "Kilpauk water works facility goes hi-tech". The Hindu. Chennai: Kasturi & Sons. 18 December 2017. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
  44. ^ Lakshmi, K. (2 March 2018). "New court complex in Egmore will be ready by month-end". The Hindu. Chennai. Retrieved 19 August 2018.
  45. ^ Parthasarathy, Anusha (29 November 2011). "Survivors of time – College of Engineering (Guindy)". The Hindu. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
  46. ^ Venkataraman, G.; A. Anne Shanthi. "History of Historical Building and Monuments in and around Chennai" (PDF). CMDA Chennai. Retrieved 10 May 2012.

Further reading[]

Retrieved from ""