Herodes Atticus

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Herodes Atticus bust, from his villa at Kephissia. mid-2nd century

Herodes Atticus (Greek: Ἡρῴδης ὁ Ἀττικός, Hērōidēs ho Attikos; AD 101–177)[1] was an Athenian millionaire, politician and sophist who served as a Roman senator and as a Roman consul. He was one of the best-known figures in the Antonine Period.[2] Herodes was appointed consul at Rome in 143 and he was the first Greek to hold the rank of consul ordinarius, as opposed to consul suffectus. In Latin, his full name was given as Lucius Vibullius Hipparchus Tiberius Claudius Atticus Herodes[1] (Greek: Λούκιος Βιβούλλιος Ίππαρχος Τιβέριος Κλαύδιος Αττικός Ηρώδης). According to Philostratus, Herodes Atticus was a notable proponent of the Second Sophistic. M.I. Finley described Herodes Atticus as "patron of the arts and letters (and himself a writer and scholar of importance), public benefactor on an imperial scale, not only in Athens but elsewhere in Greece and Asia Minor, holder of many important posts, friend and kinsman of emperors."[3]

Ancestry and family[]

Herodes Atticus was a Greek of Athenian descent. His ancestry could be traced to the Athenian noblewoman Elpinice, a half-sister of the statesman Cimon and daughter of Miltiades.[1] He claimed lineage from a series of mythic Greek kings: Theseus, Cecrops, and Aeacus, as well as the god Zeus. He had an ancestor four generations removed from him called Polycharmus, who may have been the Archon of Athens of that name from 9/8 BC–22/23.[4] His family bore the Roman family name Claudius. There is a possibility that a paternal ancestor of his received Roman citizenship from an unknown member of the Claudian gens.

Herodes Atticus was born to a distinguished and very rich family of consular rank.[5] His parents were a Roman Senator of Greek descent, Tiberius Claudius Atticus Herodes, and the wealthy heiress Vibullia Alcia Agrippina.[1][6][7] He had a brother named Tiberius Claudius Atticus Herodianus and a sister named Claudia Tisamenis.[1] His maternal grandparents were Claudia Alcia and Lucius Vibullius Rufus, while his paternal grandfather was .[7]

His parents were related as uncle and niece.[6][7][8] His maternal grandmother and his father were sister and brother.[7][8] His maternal uncle Lucius Vibullius Hipparchus was an Archon of Athens in the years 99–100[7][9] and his maternal cousin, Publius Aelius Vibullius Rufus, was an Archon of Athens between 143–144.[7][9]

Life[]

Portrait of Herodes Atticus. Marble Roman artwork, ca. 161 AD. Found in Probalinthos, Attica, Greece. — Louvre, France.
Bust of Polydeukes, favourite student of Herodes Atticus[10] – Altes Museum, Berlin
Memnon the Ethiopian, foster child and student of Herodes Atticus; marble bust, c. 170 AD, from the villa of Herodes Atticus at Eva, Peloponnese.

Herodes Atticus was born in Marathon, Greece,[11] and spent his childhood years between Greece and Italy. According to Juvenal[12] he received an education in rhetoric and philosophy from many of the best teachers from both Greek and Roman culture.[13] Throughout his life, however, Herodes Atticus remained entirely Greek in his cultural outlook.[13]

He was a student of Favorinus, and inherited Favorinus' library.[14] Like Favorius, he was a harsh critic of Stoicism.

these disciplines of the cult of the unemotional, who want to be considered calm, brave, and steadfast because they show neither desire nor grief, neither anger nor pleasure, cut out the more active emotions of the spirit and grow old in a torpor, a sluggish, enervated life.[15]

In 125, Emperor Hadrian appointed him Prefect of the free cities in the Roman province of Asia. He later returned to Athens, where he became famous as a teacher. In the year 140, Herodes Atticus was elected and served as an Archon of Athens. Later in 140, the Emperor Antoninus Pius invited him to Rome from Athens to educate his two adopted sons, the future Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus. Sometime after, he was betrothed to Aspasia Annia Regilla, a wealthy aristocrat, who was related to the wife of Antoninus Pius, Faustina the Elder.[16] When Regilla and Herodes Atticus married, she was 14 years old and he was 40. As Herodes Atticus was in favor with the Emperor, as a mark of his friendship Antoninus Pius appointed him Consul in 143.

Herodes Atticus and Regilla controlled a large tract around the Third Mile of the Appian Way outside Rome, which was known as the "Triopio" (from Triopas, King of Thessaly). For his remaining years he travelled between Greece and Italy.

Some time after his consulship, he returned to Greece permanently with his wife and their children.

Herodes Atticus was the teacher of three notable students: Achilles, Memnon and Polydeuces (Polydeukes). "The aged Herodes Atticus in a public paroxysm of despair at the death of his perhaps eromenos Polydeukes, commissioned games, inscriptions and sculptures on a lavish scale and then died, inconsolable, shortly afterwards."[17]

Herodes Atticus had a distinguished reputation for his literary work, most of which is now lost,[13] and was a philanthropist and patron of public works. He funded a number of building projects, including:

He also contemplated cutting a canal through the Isthmus of Corinth, but was deterred from carrying out the plan because the same thing had been unsuccessfully attempted before by the emperor Nero.[18]

Throughout his life, Herodes Atticus had a stormy relationship with the citizens of Athens, but before he died he was reconciled with them.[13] When he died, the citizens of Athens gave him an honored burial, his funeral taking place in the Panathinaiko Stadium in Athens, which he had commissioned.[13]

Children[]

Regilla bore Herodes Atticus six children, of whom three survived to adulthood. Their children were:

  • Son, Claudius – born and died in 141[1]
  • Daughter, Elpinice – born as Appia Annia Claudia Atilia Regilla Elpinice Agrippina Atria Polla, 142–165[1]
  • Daughter, Athenais – born as Marcia Annia Claudia Alcia Athenais Gavidia Latiaria, 143–161[1]
  • Son, Atticus Bradua – born in 145 as Tiberius Claudius Marcus Appius Atilius Bradua Regillus Atticus[1]
  • Son, Regillus – born as Tiberius Claudius Herodes Lucius Vibullius Regillus, 150–155[1]
  • Unnamed child who died with Regilla or died even perhaps three months later in 160[1]

After Regilla died in 160, Herodes Atticus never married again. When he died in 177, his son Atticus Bradua and his grandchildren survived him. Sometime after his wife's death, he adopted his cousin's first grandson Lucius Vibullius Claudius Herodes as his son.[19]

Legacy[]

Herodes Atticus and his wife Regilla, from the 2nd century until the present, have been considered great benefactors in Greece, in particular in Athens. The couple are commemorated in Herodou Attikou Street and Rigillis Street and Square, in downtown Athens. In Rome, their names are also recorded on modern streets, in the Quarto Miglio suburb close to the area of the Triopio.

References[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Pomeroy, The murder of Regilla: a case of domestic violence in antiquity
  2. ^ Papalas, A. J. (1981). "Herodes Atticus: An Essay on Education in the Antonine Age". History of Education Quarterly. 21 (2): 171. doi:10.2307/367689. ISSN 0018-2680.
  3. ^ Finley, The Ancient Economy (Berkeley: University of California, 1973), p. 100
  4. ^ Day, J., An economic history of Athens under Roman domination p. 238
  5. ^ Wilson, Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece p.p. 349-350
  6. ^ Jump up to: a b Wilson, Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece p. 349
  7. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Graindor, P., Un milliardaire antique p. 29
  8. ^ Jump up to: a b Day, J., An economic history of Athens under Roman domination p. 243
  9. ^ Jump up to: a b Sleepinbuff.com Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ "Portrait bust of Polydeukes, favourite of Herodes Atticus". CollectionsOnline. Retrieved 2021-07-24.
  11. ^ Article, Tiberius Claudius Atticus Herodes, Microsoft Encyclopedia 2002
  12. ^ Juvenal, Satire III
  13. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Wilson, Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece p. 350
  14. ^ Wytse Hette Keulen "Gellius the Satirist: Roman Cultural Authority in Attic Nights" p119
  15. ^ Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights, 19.12, translation by William O. Stephens, in Marcus Aurelius: A Guide for the Perplexed 2011, p 12
  16. ^ Pomeroy, The murder of Regilla: a case of domestic violence in antiquity p. 14
  17. ^ Lambert, Beloved and God: The Story of Hadrian and Antinous, p. 143.
  18. ^ Jump up to: a b  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Atticus Herodes, Tiberius Claudius". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 885.
  19. ^ Graindor, Un milliardaire antique p. 29

Sources[]

Primary sources

Secondary material

  • Gibbon, E., The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
  • Day, J., An economic history of Athens under Roman domination, Ayers Company Publishers, 1973
  • Graindor, P., Un milliardaire antique, Ayers Company Publishers, 1979
  • Kennell, Nigel M. "Herodes and the Rhetoric of Tyranny", Classical Philology, 4 (1997), pp. 316–362.
  • Lambert, R., Beloved and God: The Story of Hadrian and Antinous, Viking, 1984.
  • Papalas, A. J, "Herodes Atticus: An essay on education in the Antonine age", History of Education Quarterly, Vol. 21, No. 2 (Summer, 1981), pp. 171–188.
  • Tobin, Jennifer, Herodes Attikos and the City of Athens: Patronage and Conflict Under the Antonines, J. C. Gieben, 1997.
  • Potter, David Stone, The Roman Empire at Bay, AD 18–395, Routledge, 2004. ISBN 978-0-415-10058-8
  • Wilson, N. G., Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece, Routledge 2006
  • Pomeroy, S. B., The murder of Regilla: a case of domestic violence in antiquity, Harvard University Press, 2007

External links[]

Political offices
Preceded by
(Sulpicius?) Julianus, and

as suffect consuls 		Consul of the Roman Empire
143
with Gaius Bellicius Flaccus Torquatus 		Succeeded by
,
and
as suffect consuls
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