High ground

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For other uses, see High ground (disambiguation).

High ground is an area of elevated terrain, which can be useful in combat. The military importance of the high ground has been recognized for over 2,000 years, citing early examples from China and other early-dynastic cultures who regularly engaged in territorial/power struggles. Later incorporated to be advantageous in architectural designs such as castles and fortresses which included towers and walls designed to provide structural advantages for positions of troops and weaponry which could be thrown or fired from above.

History[]

In Sun Tzu's The Art of War, military leaders are advised to take high ground and let the enemy try to attack from a lower position.[1] Fighting from an elevated position is said to be easier for a number of tactical reasons. Holding the high ground offers an elevated vantage point with a wide field of view, enabling surveillance of the surrounding landscape, in contrast to valleys which offer a limited field of view.[2]

General Ji Ling of the late Eastern Han Dynasty used this principle to his advantage by sending lookouts to positions of higher-ground to scout for and provide early warning about enemy troops.[3] Additionally, soldiers fighting uphill are assumed to tire more quickly and will move more slowly, when compared to soldiers fighting downhill, who do not have to struggle against the forces of gravity alongside natural obstacles in the terrain. Furthermore, soldiers who are elevated above their enemies can get greater range out of low-speed projectiles (such as rocks, javelins/spears, arrows, grenades, etc.), whereas low-speed projectiles have a shorter range when thrown uphill.[citation needed]

Very steep and/or rocky terrain, like mountain sides, can be an obstacle to tanks and armored personnel carriers, or in the past to cavalry and war elephants. For example, in the Soviet–Afghan War, mujahideen guerrillas based themselves in the mountains of Afghanistan, thereby protecting themselves from the Soviet motorized divisions. This forced the Soviets to rely heavily on helicopters to conduct the war, but the United States gave the mujahideen FIM-92 Stinger anti-aircraft missiles, which, arguably,[according to whom?] combined with the defense of the mountains, was able to win the war for the mujahideen. The high ground and anti-aircraft missiles made it possible for the mujahideen to use guerrilla warfare against the Soviets without being wiped out.[citation needed] High ground was also employed in the 1423 Battle of Horic in Bohemia, where Taborite soldiers took to high ground, forcing the Utraquist cavalry to dismount to attack them, and also rendering their cannons ineffective. Taborite soldiers were eventually able to make a downhill charge and wipe out the remaining Utraquists. Here again, high ground played a crucial role in the outcome of the battle.

However, getting the high ground is not always advantageous. In the Battle of Jieting of the Three Kingdoms period of China, Shu Han forces occupied a hilltop, which Cao Wei forces soon surrounded and isolated the Shu forces from water supplies and reinforcements. The Shu forces suffered a humiliating defeat, and the Shu northern expedition had to be aborted.[citation needed]

References in pop culture[]

In Star Wars: Episode III: Revenge of the Sith, Obi-Wan Kenobi and Darth Vader fight on the volcanic and lava planet Mustafar. Towards the end of the battle, Obi-Wan jumps onto the elevated lava terrain and he said, “It’s over, Anakin! I have the high ground!” This has become a popular meme, because during the battle of Naboo in Star Wars: Episode I: The Phantom Menace, a Sith lord named Darth Maul had the high ground, leaving Obi-Wan hanging on a pole. However, Obi-Wan defeated Darth Maul in that battle.

In Blood of Zeus, during a fight between Heron and Seraphim, Zeus warns his son to run because the enemy has the elevated position.

In Lego Batman: The Movie – DC Super Heroes Unite, Batman and Robin are fighting against two goons of The Joker which stood on a higher elevation. Batman tried to defeat them, but Robin yells, "But they have the high ground!"

In Avatar: The Last Airbender, Sokka’s teacher compliments him during a duel for using the high ground.

In The Legend of Korra, Su doesn’t like an idea to defeat Zaheer. She calls it out, saying it will give him the high ground and his lavabending minion will be able to wipe them out. This is remarkably similar to an event in Star Wars: Episode III: Revenge of the Sith; see the first paragraph in the “References in pop culture” section.

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ Tzu, Sun. The Art of War. Wikisource.
  2. ^ Mbembe, Achille; Meintjes, Libby (2003). "Necropolitics" (PDF). Public Culture. Duke University Press. 15 (1): 11–40. doi:10.1215/08992363-15-1-11. Retrieved 19 April 2014.
  3. ^ Graff, David A. (2007). "Li Jing's antecedents: Continuity and change in the pragmatics of medieval Chinese warfare" (PDF). Early Medieval China. 13–14 (1): 81–97. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 April 2014. Retrieved 19 April 2014.
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