Hinduism in Singapore

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Depictions of Dravidian Hindu art on the gopuram (entrance tower) of Sri Mariamman Temple, Singapore, dedicated to the Hindu goddess of rain; Mariamman.

Hindu religion and culture in Singapore can be traced back to the 7th century AD, when Temasek was a trading post of Hindu-Buddhist Srivijaya empire.[1] A millennium later, a wave of immigrants from southern India were brought to Singapore, mostly as coolies and indentured labourers by the British East India Company and colonial British Empire.[2][3] As with Malay peninsula, the British administration sought to stabilise a reliable labour force in its regional plantation and trading activities; it encouraged Hindus to bring family through the kangani system of migration, settle, build temples and segregated it into a community that later became Little India.[4][5]

There are currently about thirty main Hindu temples in Singapore. There were an estimated 172,963 Hindus in Singapore according to the 2020 Census constituting 5.0% of the Singapore's population.[6][7][8] Almost all Hindus in Singapore are ethnic Indians (99%), with some who have married into Hindu families. Hinduism peaked at 5.5% of the total population in 1931.[9]

In Singapore, the Hindu festival of Deepavali is recognised as a national public holiday. Some non-Indians, usually Buddhist Chinese, participate in various Hindu activities. Unlike various states of Malaysia and Indonesia, Singapore places no restrictions on religious freedoms of Hindus.

Demographics[]

Year Percent Increase
1849 2.8% -
1911 5.0% +2.2%
1921 4.6% -0.4%
1931 5.5% +0.9%
1980 3.6% -1.9%
1990 3.7% +0.1%
2000 4.0% +0.3%
2010 5.1% +1.1%
2015 4.96% -0.14%
2020 5.0% +0.04%

Population of resident ethnic group registered as Hindus 2020.[7] The proportion of Indians following Islam, Christianity and Buddhism are relatively higher as the Singaporean Census calculate Pakistanis, Bangladeshis, Sri Lankan etc under ethnic Indian Category. [10]


Ethnic Group Population of Resident Ethnic Group registered as Hindus Percentage Resident Ethnic Group registered as Hindus Percentage of Resident Population Total Resident Population of Ethnic Group
Chinese 458 0.018% 75.36% 2,606,881
Malays 223 0.05% 12.94% 447,747
Indians 171,326 57.29% 8.65% 299,056
Others 956 0.91% 3.05% 105,410
Overall 172,963 5.00% 100% 3,459,093

Population of resident ethnic group registered as Hindus 2015.[11]

Ethnic Group Population of Resident Ethnic Group registered as Hindus Percentage Resident Ethnic Group registered as Hindus Percentage of Resident Population Total Resident Population of Ethnic Group
Chinese 300 0.012% 76.84% 2,517,580
Malays 100 0.03% 11.88% 389,090
Indians 161,800 59.88% 8.25% 270,220
Others 400 0.403% 3.03% 99,300
Overall 162,600 4.964% 100% 3,276,190

History[]

Entrance of Sri Srinivasa Perumal Temple.

Hindu religion and culture in Singapore can be traced back to the 7th century Hindu Srivijaya empire when Temasek was a small trading post.[1] By the 10th century, Tamil Chola influence arrived. With Islam's expansion in the region from 14th through 17th century, the Hindu-Buddhist influence, in and around Singapore, faded. The colonial era brought major changes in the seats of power and religious influence in the region.[4]

The early 19th century saw a wave of Hindu immigrants to Singapore from southern India, mostly Tamils, brought in to work as coolies and labourers by the British East India Company in Singapore.[4][5] These immigrants brought along their religion and culture. Their arrival saw the building of temples throughout the island in the Dravidian form of architecture, and the beginnings of a vibrant Hindu culture.

Though the labourers were mostly responsible for introducing and preserving their religion in their new home, in later times, monetary contributions were made by the richer Hindu merchants to build up the makeshift shacks that served as their place of worship. The temples also served to hold the community together, being a source of comfort to those far away in a foreign land.

The first Hindu temple[]

Sri Mariamman Temple, Singapore

The first verifiable temple, Sri Mariamman Temple in Chinatown, was built as early as 1827 by Narayana Pillai, a clerk to Sir Stamford Raffles; it was dedicated to the Hindu goddess Mariamman, an incarnation of the Mother Goddess. He first erected a wooden, thatched hut on this site that he had purchased in 1823. The present temple was completed by 1863.

The Sri Mariamman Temple along with Sri Srinivasa Perumal Temple and Sri Thendayuthapani Temple are national monuments in Singapore.[12]

Architecture[]

The Hindu temples of Singapore are built in the Dravidian style, mainly the Tamil style found in Tamil Nadu, India. This style is known for its imposing 'gopurams' or entrance towers, complex friezes, intricate carvings and paintings or murals done on the walls and ceilings.

Today[]

There are currently about thirty main temples in Singapore, dedicated to various gods and goddesses from the Hindu pantheon. Today, two government bodies deal with all Hindu affairs — The Hindu Endowments Board, Hindu Mahajana Sangam and The .

Hindus make up a minority, comprising about 5.1% (2010 Census) of adult Singapore citizens and permanent residents. Among 15 years or older population, there were about 158,000 Hindus according to Singapore's 2010 Census; 37% of all Hindus in Singapore speak Tamil at home, while another 42% speak English.[13] Vast majority of Hindus in Singapore are ethnic South Indians. The small numbers of non-Indian Hindus are mainly Chinese and Malay women who were adopted by or married into Hindu families.

Ramakrishna Mission, Singapore

Singapore celebrates Hindu festival of Deepavali as a national public holiday, alongside the religious holidays of other communities. Previously, two Hindu temples have been gazetted as National Monuments of Singapore. In 2014, the National Heritage Board gazetted Sri Thendayuthapani Temple as a national monument making it the third temple to be part of national monument list.[14] These are the Sri Mariamman Temple and the Sri Srinivasa Perumal Temple. Like many Hindu temples in Singapore, these were built in the South Indian Dravidian style and serve a broad South Indian Tamil community.

Deepavali decorations in Singapore.

Different communities have also established their own temples in Singapore. For instance, the Sri Lankan Tamil community established the Sri Senpaga Vinayagar Temple at Ceylon Road and the Chettiar community set up the Sri Thandayuthapani Temple at Tank Road. The North Indian community also established the Sri Lakshminarayan Temple, built in the North Indian style.

In Singapore a number of non-Indians, such as Buddhist Chinese, participate in a variety of Hindu activities, including praying to Hindu deities, donating money to the temple funds and participating in Hindu festivals like Deepavali, the fire-walking ceremony, and Thaipusam. Certain temples, such as the Sri Krishnan Temple in Waterloo Street, or some Hindu temples in Yishun have also built up substantial followers among the Chinese community, who often visit these temples on their way to or from visiting nearby Chinese temples.

Holiday[]

In Singapore, only Deepavali is an Official Hindu holiday. Thaipusam is not a holiday. For Christians and Muslims two holidays each were given, while for Hindus only one public holiday was given under the Singapore's 1966 Holidays Act.[15] After this, there has been a call from Hindus to reinstate Thaipusam as a public holiday. In 2015, a petition was launched by educator Sangeetha Thanapal which attracted nearly 20,000 signatures. A rally was also planned in Hong Lim Park but was Cancelled by the police.[16][17]

Hindu religious festivals[]

A Thaipusam participant.

Some of the major Hindu festivals celebrated every year include Deepavali (Diwali), Thaipusam, Pongal, Tamil New Year or Varsha Pirappu, Holi also known as Festival of Colours and Thimithi or otherwise known as the Fire Walking Festival.

Deepavali is a public holiday in Singapore.[18] The Hindus have also urged the government to make Thaipusam, a public holiday, since Christians and Muslims have two public holiday each.[16][19]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b Marshall Cavendish, The World and Its Peoples: Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Brunei, ISBN 978-0761476429, pp. 1287-1288.
  2. ^ Ato Quayson et al. (2013), A Companion to Diaspora and Transnationalism, ISBN 978-1405188265, Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 405-406
  3. ^ Edwin Lee (2008), Singapore: The Unexpected Nation, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, ISBN 978-9812307965, pp. 34-35.
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b c Edwin Lee (2008), Singapore: The Unexpected Nation, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, ISBN 978-9812307965.
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b Jean Abshire (2011), The History of Singapore, ISBN 978-0313377426, pp. 66-78.
  6. ^ "Census of Population 2020: Religion" (PDF). Department of Statistics Singapore. 16 June 2021. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
  7. ^ Jump up to: a b ""Religion by Ethnic in Singapore 2020"". Archived from the original on 2021-06-17. Retrieved 2021-06-18.
  8. ^ Table: Religious Composition by Country, in Numbers Pew Research Center (2012)
  9. ^ Lai Ah Eng, Religious Diversity in Singapore, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2008.
  10. ^ "Full report of 2021 Census" (PDF). p. 213. Retrieved 2021-06-28.
  11. ^ ""Religion by Ethnic in Singapore 2015"". Archived from the original on 2017-08-13. Retrieved 2017-11-01.
  12. ^ "404".
  13. ^ Census of population 2010 Archived 2013-11-13 at the Wayback Machine Singapore Department of Statistics (2011)
  14. ^ "Century-Old Hindu Temple is Singapore's 67th National Monument".
  15. ^ https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Bills-Supp/54-1966/Published/19661207?DocDate=19661207
  16. ^ Jump up to: a b AsiaOne.com
  17. ^ "Why Thaipusam is no longer a public holiday in Singapore".
  18. ^ "Singapore Public Holidays 2018".
  19. ^ "Declare Thaipusam as a Holiday". 31 January 2017.

External links[]

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