Hippeastreae
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Hippeastreae | |
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Hippeastrum striatum | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Monocots |
Order: | Asparagales |
Family: | Amaryllidaceae |
Subfamily: | Amaryllidoideae |
Tribe: | Hippeastreae Sweet |
Type genus | |
Hippeastrum (L.) Herb.
| |
Subtribes | |
Hippeastreae is a tribe of plants belonging to the subfamily Amaryllidoideae of the Amaryllis family (Amaryllidaceae). Species in this tribe are distributed in South America. Flowers are large and showy, zygomorphic, with the stamens in varying lengths, inflorescence bracts are often fused basally (along one side). The seeds are flattened, winged or D-shaped. Reported basic chromosome numbers are x= 8-13, 17, and higher. All the species in this tribe present a remarkable aesthetic interest and horticultural value.[1][2]
Taxonomy[]
Meerow et al. (1999) provide a history of the treatment of the genera of Amaryllidaceae, including Hippeastreae, from the mid-twentieth century.[3] While morphological phylogeny has been frustrated by the perversive homoplasy typical of the Amaryllidaceae,[4] application of molecular phylogenetics to the Amaryllidaceae did not indicate clear tribal divisions but rather broad biogeographical clades. However the American clade resolved the tribe Hippeastreae.[3] A later examination of the deeper relationships of the American genera suggested the two subclades, Andean and hippeastroid and within the latter separated the Brazilian Griffineae as sister to the remaining hippeastroids. The larger and more diverse grouping of hippeastroids formed two smaller monophyletic groups. The smaller contained Hippeastrum (with the exception of Hippeastrum blumenavium),[a] but also a Rhodophiala. With the exception of Rodophilia (Brazil) all specimens were from Chile and Argentina. The second group corresponded to those genera variously included in tribe Zephyrantheae (Traub) or subtribe Zephyranthinae (Müller-Doblies), but only including some Zephyranthes species. The hippeastroid clade is predominantly diploid and extra-Andean by comparison to the Andean clade which is predominantly tetraploid, and contain those genera traditionally included in Hippeastreae. The precise position of Griffineae remained unresolved since its sister status to Hippeastrae was weak, leaving the possibility that it could be sister to the whole American clade.[1] The tribe consists of 10–13 genera and about 180 species.[4]
Phylogeny[]
The placement of Hippeastreae within subfamily Amaryllidoideae is shown in the following cladogram, where this tribe is shown as a sister group to the Griffineae, forming the Hippeastroid subclade, of two American clades:[1]
Cladogram: Tribes of subfamily Amaryllidoideae | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Subdivision[]
The genera of the tribe Hippeastreae have been treated in a number of different ways over the years. Traub (1963)[5] in his monograph on the Amaryllidacea distributed those genera now considered in this tribe over a number of other tribes (see Table, below), while Dahlgren et al. included them all under Hippeastrae for the first time.[6] The concept of subtribes came from the Müller-Doblies' (1996), who had three subtribes, Griffinineae, Hippeastrinae and Zephyranthinae.[7]
Consequently, it has been customary to describe the tribe Hippeastreae as consisting of two subtribes:
- subtribe Hippeastrinae - includes species of medium height and often with many flowers in each inflorescence and inflorescence bracts are different in size and fused basally. Genera in this subtribe include Placea, Hippeastrum, Phycella (includes Famatina), Eithea (=), Rhodophiala, and Traubia. (Some authors use the spelling Hippeastrineae)[2]
- subtribe Zephyranthinae - includes species of small height with solitary flowers. Inflorescence bracts are fused forming a tube surrounding the pedicel of the flower. Genera in this subtribe are Sprekelia, Habranthus, Cooperia, and Zephyranthes.[2][8] (Some authors use the spelling Zephyranthinea)[2]
In the study of Meerow et al. (2000) based on molecular markers Zephyranthinae (Zephyranthae of Traub)[5] were clearly polyphyletic, largely due to the polyphyly of Zephyranthes itself. This subgroup has been broadly characterised as having a chromosome number, x=6, but with considerable variation. Other polyphyletic genera included Rodophiala and Habranthus.[1] Hippeastreae also include Haylockia, Rhodolirion and Tocantinia.[4]
A more focused study of Hippeastreae alone in 2014, resolved two major clades:[4]
- Clade A: Traubia, Placea, Phycella, Rhodolirium, and Famatina maulensis
- Clade B: Rhodophiala, Habranthus, Haylockia, Hippeastrum, Sprekelia, Zephyranthes, and the remainder of Famatina.
However it also showed that of the 13 genera, two are monotypic (Haylockia and Traubia). Of the remaining 11 genera, based on Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences the only monophyletic non-monotypic genera were Hippeastrum (about 60 species) and Sprekelia (2 species). But on chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) analysis, not even these genera were monophyletic. This brings into question the existing generic classification within Hippeastreae. Consequently, the authors proposed the following nomenclature:[4]
- Subtribe Traubiinae (Clade A) D.Müll.-Doblies & U.Müll.-Doblies
- Subtribe Hippeastrinae (Clade B)
Subtribes[]
Subtribe Traubiinae (Clade A) includes about 20 endemic Chilean taxa, but only about 10% of the species within tribe Hippeastreae. Characterisation includes a haploid chromosome number, x=8, lack of polyploidy and a capitate stigma.[4]
Subtribe Hippeastrinae (Clade B), by contrast has a variable chromosome number, x=6–11, with frequent aneuploidy and polyploidy. Although there are no unique synapomorphies, most taxa exhibit a trifid or trilobed stigma, although in a few it is capitate.[4]
Genera[]
Tribe Hippeastreae includes ten to thirteen genera and about 180 species. Two of the genera, Haylockia and Traubia are monotypic.[4]
Genus (alphabetical) | Traub 1963[5] | Dahlgren 1985[6] | Müller-Doblies 1996[7] | Meerow 1998[9] | Garcia 2014[4] | Species |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eithea formerly Hippeastrum blumenavium |
Hippeastreae Hippeastrinae |
1–2 | ||||
Famatina =Rhodophiala, Phycella |
4 | |||||
Griffinia | Euchareae | Hippeastreae Griffiniinae |
Hippeastreae | Griffineae | 21 | |
Habranthus | Zephyrantheae | Hippeastreae | Hippeastreae Zephyranthinae |
Hippeastreae | Hippeastreae Hippeastrinae |
40 |
Haylockia | Zephyrantheae | Hippeastreae Zephyranthinae |
=Zephyranthes | =Zephyranthes | 1 | |
Hippeastrum | =Amaryllis | Hippeastreae | Hippeastreae Hippeastrinae |
Hippeastreae | Hippeastreae Hippeastrinae |
60 |
Phycella | Eustephieae | Hippeastreae | Hippeastreae Traubiinae |
6 | ||
Placea | Amarylleae | Hippeastreae | Hippeastreae Hippeastrinae |
Hippeastreae | Hippeastreae Traubiinae |
6 |
Sprekelia | Zephyrantheae | Hippeastreae | Hippeastreae Zephyranthinae |
Hippeastreae | Hippeastreae Hippeastrinae |
2 |
Rhodolirium | =Rhodophiala | Hippeastreae Traubiinae |
5 | |||
Rhodophiala | Zephyrantheae | Hippeastreae | Hippeastreae Hippeastrinae |
Hippeastreae | Hippeastreae Hippeastrinae |
8 |
Tocantinia | Hippeastreae Hippeastrinae |
1–2 | ||||
Traubia | Traubieae | Hippeastreae Traubiinae |
Hippeastreae | Hippeastreae Traubiinae |
1 | |
Worsleya | Amarylleae | Hippeastreae | Hippeastreae | Griffineae | 1 | |
Zephyranthes | Zephyrantheae | Hippeastreae | Hippeastreae Zephyranthinae |
Hippeastreae | Hippeastreae Hippeastrinae |
50 |
Distribution and habitat[]
Hippeasteae have a major center of diversification in central Chile and western (Andean) Argentina, together with minor centres in eastern Brazil, the north east of Argentina and with more distant centers in Mexico, the Greater Antilles and southern United States (Habranthus, Zephyranthes).[4]
Uses[]
The economic significance of the tribe lies in its horticultural usage.[4]
Notes[]
- ^ Hippeastrum blumenavium, or Hippeastrum blumenavia, was earlier known as Griffinia blumenavia and is an unusual species more closely resembling Rhodophiala. Ultimately Meerow et al. recommended reassigning it to a monotypic genus, where it is now known as Eithea.
References[]
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Meerow et al 2000.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Vigneron 2008.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Meerow et al 1999.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Garcia et al 2014.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Traub 1963.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Dahlgren, Clifford & Yeo 1985.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Müller-Doblies & Müller-Doblies 1996.
- ^ GRIN 2016, Cooperia.
- ^ Meerow & Snijman 1998.
Bibliography[]
- Dahlgren, R.M.; Clifford, H.T.; Yeo, P.F. (1985). The families of the monocotyledons. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-642-64903-5. Retrieved 2014-02-10.
- García, Nicolás; Meerow, Alan W.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Soltis, Pamela S. (1 March 2014). "Testing Deep Reticulate Evolution in Amaryllidaceae Tribe Hippeastreae (Asparagales) with ITS and Chloroplast Sequence Data". Systematic Botany. 39 (1): 75–89. doi:10.1600/036364414X678099.
- García Berguecio, Nicolás (2015). Systematics and evolution of Amaryllidaceae tribe Hippeastreae (Asparagales) (PDF) (PhD Thesis). University of Florida. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-07. Retrieved 2016-02-14.
- Hutchinson, John. The families of flowering plants, arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogeny (1st ed.). Macmillan.
- Volume 1: Monocotyledonae (1926)
- Volume 2: Dicotyledonae (1934)
- Kubitzki, K., ed. (1998). Flowering Plants · Monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchidaceae). The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol. 3. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-64060-8. Retrieved 2014-01-14.
- Meerow, A.W.; Snijman, D.A. "Amaryllidaceae". In Kubitzki (1998), pp. 83–110. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-03533-7_11 (excerpts)
- Meerow, A.W.; Fay, M.F.; Guy, C.L.; Li, Q.-B.; Zaman, F.Q.; Chase, M.W. (1999). "Systematics of Amaryllidaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid rbcL and trnL-F sequence data". Am. J. Bot. 86 (9): 1325–1345. doi:10.2307/2656780. JSTOR 2656780. PMID 10487820.
- Meerow, A.W.; Guy, C.L.; Li, Q.-B.; Yang, S.-L. (2000). "Phylogeny of the American Amaryllidaceae Based on nrDNA ITS Sequences" (PDF). Systematic Botany. 25 (4): 708–726. doi:10.2307/2666729. JSTOR 2666729. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2015-01-25.
- Müller-Doblies, U.; Müller-Doblies, D. (1996). "Tribes and subtribes and some species combinations in Amaryllidaceae J St Hil R Dahlgren & al. 1985". Feddes Repertorium. 107 (5–6): S.c.1–S.c.9.
- Stevens, P.F. (2001–2012), Angiosperm Phylogeny Website: Amaryllidoideae
- Traub, H.P. (1963). Genera of the Amaryllidaceae. La Jolla, California: American Plant Life Society.
- Vigneron, Pascal (2008). "Amaryllidaceae". Amaryllidaceae.org (in French). Archived from the original on 2015-01-04. Retrieved 2014-10-23.
- GRIN (2016). "GRIN Taxonomy for Plants". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Retrieved 2016-02-15.
- "Amaryllidaceae: A taxonomic tool for the Amaryllidaceae of the world". eMonocot. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-02-14.
External links[]
Wikispecies has information related to Hippeastreae. |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hippeastreae. |
- Amaryllidoideae
- Asparagales tribes