Hudson Institute

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For the fictional university, see Hudson University.
Hudson Institute
Hudson Institute logo.svg
FoundedJuly 20, 1961; 60 years ago (1961-07-20)[1]
FounderHerman Kahn, Max Singer, Oscar M. Ruebhausen
TypeThink tank
13-1945157[2]
Legal status501(c)(3) nonprofit organization[3]
Location
Coordinates38°53′44″N 77°01′44″W / 38.895672°N 77.028900°W / 38.895672; -77.028900
OriginsRAND Corporation
Area served
United States of America
ServicesTo promote the discussion and exchange of ideas on issues related to national security, human rights, foreign policy, economics, and domestic policy.[2]
President and CEO
John P. Walters[5]
Chairman of the Board of Trustees
Sarah May Stern[6]
SubsidiariesHudson Analytical Services Inc[2]
Revenue (2019)
$57,100,000[4]
Expenses (2019)$18,600,000[4]
Endowment (2019)$63,900,000[4]
Employees (2016)
60[7]
Volunteers (2016)
237[7]
Websitehudson.org

The Hudson Institute is a conservative[8] American think tank based in Washington, D.C. It was founded in 1961[1] in Croton-on-Hudson, New York, by futurist, military strategist, and systems theorist Herman Kahn and his colleagues at the RAND Corporation.

In January 2021, John P. Walters was appointed president and CEO of the Hudson Institute.[5] Walters succeeded Kenneth R. Weinstein who had been CEO since June 2005 and was named president and CEO in March 2011.[9]

History[]

Founder Herman Kahn

Founding to 1982[]

Hudson Institute was founded in 1961[10] by Herman Kahn, Max Singer, and Oscar M. Ruebhausen. In 1960, while employed at the RAND Corporation, Kahn had given a series of lectures at Princeton University on scenarios related to nuclear war. In 1960, Princeton University Press published On Thermonuclear War, a book-length expansion of Kahn's lecture notes.[11] Major controversies ensued,[12] and in the end, Kahn and RAND had a parting of ways. Kahn moved to Croton-on-Hudson, New York, intending to establish a new think tank, less hierarchical and bureaucratic in its organization.[13] Along with Max Singer, a young government lawyer who had been a RAND colleague of Kahn's, and New York attorney Oscar Ruebhausen, Kahn founded the Hudson Institute on 20 July 1961.[14] Kahn was the Hudson's driving intellect and Singer built up the institute's organization.[15] Ruebhausen was an advisor to New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller.[16]

Hudson's initial research projects largely reflected Kahn's personal interests, which included the domestic and military use of nuclear power and scenario planning exercises about present policy options and their possible future outcomes.[17] Kahn and his colleagues made pioneering contributions to nuclear deterrence theory and strategy during this period.[18]

Hudson's detailed analyses of "ladders of escalation"[19] and reports on the likely consequences of limited and unlimited nuclear exchanges, eventually published as Thinking About the Unthinkable (1962)[15] and On Escalation: Metaphors and Scenarios (1965),[20] were influential within the Kennedy administration,[21] and helped the Institute win its first major research contract from the Office of Civil Defense at the Pentagon.[22]

Kahn did not want Hudson to restrict itself to defense-related research,[23] and along with Singer recruited a full-time professional staff with widely different academic backgrounds. Hudson Institute regularly involved a broad range of outside notables in their analytic projects and policy deliberations. These included French philosopher Raymond Aron,[24] African-American novelist Ralph Ellison,[11] political scientist Henry Kissinger, conceptual artist James Lee Byars,[25] and social scientist Daniel Bell.[24] Hudson's focus expanded to include geopolitics,[26] economics,[27] demography, anthropology, science and technology,[26] education,[28] and urban planning.[29]

Kahn eventually expanded the use of scenario planning from defense policy work to economics,[30] and in 1962 became the first analyst to predict the rise of Japan as the world's second-largest economy.[8] Hudson Institute's publications soon became popular in Japan[31] and Kahn developed close ties to numerous politicians and corporate leaders there.[8]

Hudson Institute used scenario-planning techniques to forecast long-term developments and became renowned for its future studies.[32] In 1967, Hudson published The Year 2000, a bestselling book, commissioned by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[31] Many of the predictions came to pass, including technological developments like portable telephones and network-linked home and office computers.[33]

In 1970, The Emerging Japanese Superstate, elaborating Kahn's predictions on the rise of Japan, was published.[8] After the Club of Rome's controversial 1972 report The Limits to Growth produced widespread alarm about the possibility that population growth and resource depletion might result in a 21st-century global "collapse", Hudson responded with an analysis of its own, The Next 200 Years, which concluded, instead, that scientific and practical innovations were likely to produce significantly better worldwide living standards.[29] Maintaining this optimism about the future in his 1982 book The Coming Boom, Kahn argued that pro-growth tax and fiscal policies, an emerging information technology revolution, and breakthrough developments in the energy industry would make possible a period of unprecedented prosperity in the Western world by the early 21st century.[34][35] Kahn was among the first to foresee unconventional extraction techniques like hydraulic fracturing.[29][36]

Within 20 years, Hudson had become an international think tank with offices in Bonn,[37] Paris,[38] Brussels, Montreal[39] and Tokyo.[40] Other research projects were related to South Korea, Singapore, Australia[41] and Latin America.[42]

1983 to 2000[]

Shinzō Abe, Prime Minister of Japan, at the opening of Hudson's new headquarters, March 2016
Senator Marco Rubio at a panel discussion on the Middle East crisis, May 2016
Dan Coats, Director of National Intelligence, at Hudson, July 2018

Following Kahn's sudden death on July 7, 1983,[43] Hudson was restructured. Actively recruited by the City of Indianapolis and the Lilly Endowment, Hudson relocated its headquarters to Indiana in 1984.[44] In 1987, Mitch Daniels, a former aide to Senator Richard Lugar (R-IN) and President Ronald Reagan, was appointed CEO of Hudson Institute.[45]

Daniels recruited new scholars and experts to the Institute.[46] William Eldridge Odom,[47] former Director of the National Security Agency, became Hudson's director of national security studies;[48] economist Alan Reynolds became director of economic research.[49] Technologist George Gilder led a project on the implications of the digital era[50][51] for American society.[46]

In 1990, Daniels left Hudson Institute to become Vice President of Corporate Affairs at Eli Lilly and Company.[52] He was succeeded as CEO by Leslie Lenkowsky, a social scientist,[53] and former consultant to Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan.[54] Under Lenkowsky, Hudson put an emphasis on domestic and social policy. In the early 1990s, the Institute did work on education reform[55] and applied research on charter school and school choice.[56]

At the initiative of Wisconsin Governor Tommy Thompson,[53] Hudson designed the "Wisconsin Works" welfare-to-work program[57] that was adopted nationwide in the 1996 federal welfare-reform legislation signed by President Bill Clinton.[58] In 2001, President George W. Bush's initiative on charitable choice was based[59] on Hudson's research[60] into social-service programs administered by faith-based organizations.[61]

Other Hudson research from this period included 1987's "Workforce 2000", the best-selling think tank study of its day, which predicted the transformation of the American labor market and workplace arising from diversification and computerization,[62] the "Blue Ribbon Commission on Hungary" (1990)[63] and "International Baltic Economic Commission" (1991–93), which made major contributions to the adoption of market-oriented reforms in the newly independent states of Eastern Europe,[64] and the 1997 follow-up study "Workforce 2020".[62]

2001 to present[]

After the September 11 attacks, Hudson focused its efforts on international issues such as the Middle East, Latin America and Islam. On 1 July 2004, Hudson relocated its headquarters to Washington, DC,[65] and focused its research on national security and foreign policy issues.

In 2016, Hudson moved from its McPherson Square headquarters[66] to a custom-built office space on Pennsylvania Avenue, near the U.S. Capitol and the White House.[67] The new LEED-certified[68] offices were designed by FOX Architects.[69] The Prime Minister of Japan Shinzō Abe presided over the opening of the new offices.[70]

Hudson offers two annual awards, the Herman Kahn Award[8] and the Global Leadership Awards.[71][72] Past Hudson Institute honorees include United Nations Ambassador Nikki Haley,[73] House Speaker Paul Ryan,[74] Vice President Mike Pence,[75] Mike Pompeo,[76] Ronald Reagan, Henry Kissinger, Rupert Murdoch,[77] Dick Cheney,[8] Joseph Lieberman,[78] Benjamin Netanyahu,[79] David Petraeus, and Shinzo Abe.[80]

During the presidency of Donald Trump, the Hudson Institute was supportive of the administration.[81] Vice President Michael Pence used the think tank as his venue for a major policy speech on China[82][83] on 4 October 2018. In 2021, Mike Pompeo, former Secretary of State in the Donald Trump administration joined the Hudson Institute. Sarah May Stern, chair of Hudson's board of trustees, said of Pompeo that he had an "exemplary record of public service".[84] The Hudson Institute was also joined by Elaine Chao, Secretary of Transportation in the Trump administration.[85]

In January 2021, Ken Weinstein, former president and CEO of Hudson Institute, became the first Walter P. Stern Distinguished Fellow.[86]

Policy centers[]

The Hudson Institute has various centers and programs:[87]

  • Center for the Economics of the Internet[88]
  • Coronavirus Insights and Analysis[89]
  • South Asia Program[90]
  • Center for Defense Concepts and Technology[91]
  • Hamilton Commission on Securing America's National Security Innovation Base[92]
  • Current Trends in Islamist Ideology[93]
  • Center for Religious Freedom[94]
  • Food Policy Center[95]
  • Center for American Seapower[96]
  • Center for Substance Abuse Policy Research[97]
  • Kleptocracy Initiative[98]
  • Hudson Institute Political Studies[99]
  • First Step Act Independent Review Committee[100]
  • Japan Chair[101]
  • Forum for Intellectual Property[102]

Funding[]

2019 Finances:[4]

Notable Hudson personnel[]

Leadership[]

Board of Trustees[]

Other notable trustees, fellows and advisors, past and present[]

Politicians who have been affiliated with Hudson include former U.S. Vice President Dan Quayle and Governor of Indiana Mitch Daniels, who served as Hudson's President and CEO from 1987 to 1990.[104]

Criticism[]

Critics question the institute's negative campaigning against organic farming, since it receives large sums of money from conventional food companies. The New York Times commented on Dennis Avery's attacks on organic farming: "The attack on organic food by a well-financed research organization suggests that, though organic food accounts for only 1 percent of food sales in the United States, the conventional food industry is worried."[136]

After it was revealed that Michael Fumento received funding from Monsanto for his 1999 book Bio-Evolution, company spokesman Chris Horner confirmed that it continues to fund the think tank. "It's our practice, that if we're dealing with an organization like this, that any funds we're giving should be unrestricted," Horner told BusinessWeek. Hudson's CEO and President Kenneth R. Weinstein told BusinessWeek that he was uncertain if the payment should have been disclosed. "That's a good question, period," he said.[137]

The New York Times accused Huntington Ingalls Industries of using the Hudson Institute to enhance the company's argument for more nuclear-powered aircraft carriers, at a cost of US$11 billion each. The Times alleged that a former naval officer was paid by Hudson to publish an analysis calling for more funding. The report was delivered to the House Armed Services subcommittee without disclosing that Huntington Ingalls had paid for part of the report. Hudson acknowledged the misconduct, describing it as a "mistake".[138]

Notes and references[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b "Hudson Institute, Inc." Division of Corporations. New York State Department of State. Retrieved October 30, 2017.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Form 990: Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax". Hudson Institute Inc. Guidestar. December 31, 2015.
  3. ^ "Hudson Institute Inc". Exempt Organizations Select Check. Internal Revenue Service. Retrieved October 30, 2017.
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "2019 Annual Report" (PDF). Hudson Institute. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b c "John P. Walters President and CEO". Hudson Institute. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
  6. ^ "About - Leadership". Hudson Institute. Retrieved October 30, 2017.
  7. ^ Jump up to: a b "Hudson Institute Inc" (PDF). Foundation Center. Retrieved 23 July 2019.
  8. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Obe, Mitsuru (23 September 2013). "Abe First Non-American to Win Conservative Hudson Institute Award". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
  9. ^ "Kenneth R. Weinstein, Walter P. Stern Distinguished Fellow". Hudson Institute. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
  10. ^ "History". Hudson Institute. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
  11. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Menand, Louis (27 June 2005). "Fat Man". The New Yorker. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
  12. ^ "About the book". BookFinder.com. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
  13. ^ Paul Dragos Aligica, Kenneth R. Weinstein (31 December 2008). The Essential Herman Kahn: In Defense of Thinking. Lexington Books. p. 269. ISBN 978-0739128299.
  14. ^ Pickett, Neil (April 1993). A History of Hudson Institute (PDF). Indianapolis: Hudson Institute. p. 5.
  15. ^ Jump up to: a b Pickett, Neil (April 1993). A History of Hudson Institute (PDF). Indianapolis: Hudson Institute. p. 6.
  16. ^ Douglas, Martin (12 December 2004). "Oscar M. Ruebhausen, 92, Former Rockefeller Adviser". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
  17. ^ Sayers, Nicola (January 2010). A Guide to Scenario Planning in Higher Education. London: Leadership Foundation for Higher Education. p. 3. ISBN 978-1906627171.
  18. ^ Dor On, Ami (14 August 2013). "The New, Dangerous Middle East". Israeli Homeland Security. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
  19. ^ Nusbacher, Lynette (29 August 2012). "Herman's Ladder: Climbing up and Climbing Down". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
  20. ^ Sempa, Francis P (28 May 2015). "Does The U.S. Need to Revive Its Nuclear Strategy?". The Diplomat. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
  21. ^ Kifner, John (30 January 1999). "L. C. Lewin, Writer of Satire Of Government Plot, Dies at 82". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
  22. ^ Brown, William M. (2 August 1965). "A New Look at the Degign of Low-Budget Civil Defense Systems" (PDF). Defense Technical Information Center. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
  23. ^ Pickett, Neil (April 1993). A History of Hudson Institute (PDF). Indianapolis: Hudson Institute. p. 12.
  24. ^ Jump up to: a b Pickett, Neil (April 1993). A History of Hudson Institute (PDF). Indianapolis: Hudson Institute. p. 7.
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  39. ^ Pickett, Neil (April 1993). A History of Hudson Institute (PDF). Indianapolis: Hudson Institute. p. 2.
  40. ^ Pickett, Neil (April 1993). A History of Hudson Institute (PDF). Indianapolis: Hudson Institute. p. 17.
  41. ^ Pickett, Neil (April 1993). A History of Hudson Institute (PDF). Indianapolis: Hudson Institute. p. 20.
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  66. ^ "Jewish Insider's Daily Kickoff: June 6, 2016". Haaretz Daily Newspaper. 6 June 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
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  68. ^ "Hudson Institute". KGO. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
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  70. ^ "Grand Opening Featuring Prime Minister Shinzo Abe". Hudson Institute. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
  71. ^ Gordon, Amanda L. (1 December 2015). "Rupert Murdoch and Jerry Hall Root for U.S. at Think-Tank Gala". Bloomberg. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
  72. ^ Hounshell, Blake (30 November 2015). "Murdoch unloads on Kerry, Obama, the left". Politico. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
  73. ^ de Haldevang, Max (3 December 2018). "Paul Ryan and Nikki Haley will be honored at a gala funded by a Russia-linked oligarch". Quartz. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
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  75. ^ Sales, Amanda (2018-12-15). Mike Pence. Influential Lives. ISBN 9781978504011. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
  76. ^ "Michael R. Pompeo at the Hudson Institute's Herman Kahn Award Gala". U.S. Embassy in Uruguay. 2019-11-08. Retrieved 2021-06-23.
  77. ^ Fears, Danika (1 December 2015). "Murdoch rips Kerry for defending terrorists' 'rationale'". New York Post. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
  78. ^ "Rupert Murdoch receives Hudson Institute Global Leadership Award". Indiantelevision. 3 December 2015. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
  79. ^ "Netanyahu to receive Hudson Institute Award during visit to NY". Jewish Journal. 25 August 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
  80. ^ "Vice President Mike Pence Receives 2017 Herman Kahn Award". Hudson Institute. 28 November 2017. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
  81. ^ Author, No (2020-03-14). "Trump officially picks Hudson Institute head Weinstein to be U.S. envoy to Japan". The Japan Times. Retrieved 2021-01-28.
  82. ^ Perlez, Jane (5 October 2018). "Pence's China Speech Seen as Portent of 'New Cold War'". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
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  86. ^ "Hudson Institute Board Chair Announces New President and CEO". Hudson Institute. 30 December 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
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  88. ^ "Center for the Economics of the Internet". Hudson Institute. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  89. ^ "Coronavirus Insights and Analysis". Hudson Institute. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  90. ^ "South Asia Program". Hudson Institute. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  91. ^ "Center for Defense Concepts and Technology". Hudson Institute. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  92. ^ "Hamilton Commission on Securing America's National Security Innovation Base". Hudson Institute. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  93. ^ "Current Trends in Islamist Ideology". Hudson Institute. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  94. ^ "Center for Religious Freedom". Hudson Institute. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  95. ^ "Food Policy Center". Hudson Institute. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  96. ^ "Center for American Seapower". Hudson Institute. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  97. ^ "Center for Substance Abuse Policy Research". Hudson Institute. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
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Further reading[]

External links[]

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