Hujr ibn Adi

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Hujr ibn Adi حُجْر ٱبْن عَدِيّ
Hujr ibn Adi name in Khat Thuluth.
Died	660 CE
Cause of death	Death sentence ordered by Umayyad Caliph Muawiyah I
Resting place	Adra, Syria 33°36′27″N 36°31′3″E / 33.60750°N 36.51750°E / 33.60750; 36.51750
Known for	being a supporter of Ali
Children	Humaam ibn Hujr

Hujr ibn 'Adi (Arabic: حُجْر ٱبْن عَدِيّ, Ḥujr ibn ʿAdīy, died 660 CE) was an Arab Muslim commander in the service of the Rashidun caliphs Umar (r. 634–644) and Ali (r. 656–661).^[1] He played a leading role in the early Muslim conquests of Byzantine Adra and Sasanian Jalawla.

Belonging to the tribe of Kinda, Hujr converted to Islam and became a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. In 670, Hujr was sentenced to death by the first Umayyad caliph Mu'awiya I, after the former objected to the Umayyad tradition of publicly cursing Ali. for his support and praise for Ali, the fourth Rashidun Caliph for Sunni Muslims and the first Imam for Shia Muslims.^[2][3]

Titles[]

Hujr was given two titles: "al-Kindi" (Arabic: ٱلْكِنْدِيّ, al-Kindīy) and "al-Adbar". The first title was "al-Kindi", meaning The Person From Kinda, an Arabian tribe. The second title given to Hujr was "al-Adbar".^[4]

Military career[]

Under Umar[]

Under the second caliph Umar, Hujr participated in the Battle of Qadisiyya in 636.^[5] In 637, Hujr was the commander of the right wing of the army of Muslims in the Battle of Jalawla.^[6] He was also present in the conquest of Syria and he was one of the army which conquered Adra. According to Ibn Asakir, Hujr is reported as the conqueror of Adra.^[7]

Under Ali[]

After his presence in the conquests, he stayed in Kufa.^[8] In the Battle of Camel, the fourth caliph Ali assigned Hujr as the commander of Kinda, Hadramut, Quda'a, and Mahra tribes.^[9] In the Battle of Siffin, Hujr served as one of the commanders of Ali's army and the head of the combatants of Kinda tribe.^[10] In the arbitration in the Battle of Siffin, Hujr was one of the witnesses of the agreement between 'Abu Musa al-Ash'ari and 'Amr ibn al-'As.^[11] In the Battle of Nahrawan, he was the commander of the right wing of the army of Ali against Khawarij.^[12] When Mu'awiya sent to attack the nomads of Iraq and make insecurity; sent Hujr with 4000 combatants to confront them. Hujr chased them to Tadmur, and defeated them.^[13] After Ali's assassination, Hasan ibn Ali made a treaty with Mu'awiya. Hujr met with Husayn ibn Ali and proposed his view about continuing the war with Mu'awiya though Husayn told Hujr to follow Hasan.^[14]

Assassination[]

After Mughira ibn Shu'ba started to curse Ali over the pulpit by the order of Mu'awiya, Hujr opposed and stoned him.^[15] Mughira tried to bring Hujr near to him by sending him money. though Hujr rejected.^[16] In year 670, Ziyad ibn Abih, gained the rule of Kufa, in addition to the rule of Basra, by the order of Mu'awiya. He, warned Hujr about supporting 'Ali (a) and criticizing Mu'awiya, but he still was calling people against Mu'awiya.^[17]

When Ziyad was in Basra, Hujr and his men stoned , the deputy of Ziyad in Kufa, because he was cursing Ali. When Ziyad was informed about the event came to Kufa immediately and captured Hujr and his men.^[18] Ziyad sent the captured with 100 men of his army to Mu'awiya, and in his letter to Mu'awiya wrote that Hujr and his men have defied the ijma' about cursing Abu Turab [Ali] and refused the order of the caliph. He also attached the testifying of some of the elite of Kufa about the explicit opposition of Hujr to cursing Ali.^[19]

According to some narrations, his last wish was that his son should be executed before him lest death terrify him (his son) and therefore accede to the condition of cursing Ali.^[20] When Hujr and his men reached Adra, Mu'awiya issued their death warrant,^[21] but with the intervention of some,^[22] Hujr and his men were given the chance to save their lives by cursing ; seven accepted, but Hujr and six of his men rejected and were killed.^[23] Al-Ya'qubi, wrote the number of the killed as 7 but had only named 6, among them Hujr.^[24] This marked the first political execution in Islamic history.^[25]

Desecration of shrine[]

Mosque Minaret

Hujr, his son Humaam ibn Hajar, and some other companions are buried in Adra, in the outskirts of the Syrian capital Damascus. A mosque had been built around his grave which became a pilgrimage site for Muslims.^{[citation needed]}

On 2 May 2013, Jabhat al-Nusra attacked the mausoleum and exhumed his remains.^{[citation needed]} His body was taken to an unknown location by the rebels.^{[citation needed]} According to a report published in the New York Times, a widely distributed Facebook photo of the desecration of the pilgrimage site gives credit for the exhumation to a man named Abu Anas al-Wazir, or Abu al-Baraa, a leader of a military group called the Islam Brigade of the Free Syrian Army.^[26][27]

References[]

History of Tabari - Hujr ibn Adi

Bibliography[]

• Hasson, Isaac (2002). "Ziyād b. Abīhi". In Bearman, P. J.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E. & Heinrichs, W. P. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume XI: W–Z. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 519–522. ISBN 978-90-04-12756-2.