Hybodus
| Hybodus Temporal range: Late Permian-Late Cretaceous,
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| Hybodus fraasi in the Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Chondrichthyes |
| Superorder: | Selachimorpha |
| Order: | †Hybodontiformes |
| Family: | †Hybodontidae |
| Genus: | †Hybodus Agassiz, 1837 |
| Species | |
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See text for species. | |
Hybodus (from Greek: ύβος hybos, 'crooked' and Greek: ὀδούς odoús 'tooth')[1] is an extinct genus of shark first appearing towards the end of the Permian period, and disappearing during the Late Cretaceous. During the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods the hybodonts were especially successful and could be found in shallow seas around the world. For reasons that are not fully understood, the hybodonts became extinct near the end of the Late Cretaceous period.
Description[]
Hybodus species grew to about 2 metres (6.6 ft) in length, and are believed to have been opportunist predators. It was not very big, but had the classic streamlined shark shape, complete with two dorsal fins that would have helped it steer with precision. The mouth was not large, and rather than ruthlessly hunt large prey, Hybodus, was capable of eating a wide range of foods. They had several distinct features that made them stand apart from other primitive sharks. Firstly, they had two different types of teeth, suggesting a wide diet. The sharper teeth would have been used to catch slippery prey, while the flatter teeth probably helped them crush shelled creatures. Secondly, they had a bony blade on their dorsal fin that probably served a defensive function. The males also possessed claspers, specialized organs that directly insert sperm into the female, and which are still present in modern sharks.[2]
The youngest Hybodus fossils come from the Dinosaur Park Formation. They date from 68.6 to 66 million years ago.[3]
The first fossilized teeth from Hybodus were found in England around 1845. Since then teeth (and dorsal spines) have been recovered from around the world.
Species[]
Several Hybodus species, including H. butleri, H. rajkovichi, and H. montanensis, were later reassigned to Meristodonoides.[4]
- Hybodus houtienensis
- Hybodus obtusus
- Hybodus fraasi
- Hybodus basani
Media depictions[]
Hybodus was depicted in the 2003 BBC TV series Sea Monsters: A Walking with Dinosaurs Trilogy (Chased by Sea Monsters in the United States).[5]
References[]
- ^ Roberts, George (1839). An etymological and explanatory dictionary of the terms and language of geology. London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, & Longmans. p. 79. Retrieved 30 December 2021.
- ^ Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-84028-152-1.
- ^ Neuman, A.G.; Brinkman, D.B. (2005). "Fishes of the fluvial beds". In Currie, P.J.; Koppelhus, E.B. (eds.). Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. pp. 167–185. ISBN 978-0-253-34595-0.
- ^ Underwood, Charlie J.; Cumbaa, Stephen L. (July 2010). "Chondrichthyans from a Cenomanian (Late Cretaceous) bonebed, Saskatchewan, Canada". Palaeontology. 53 (4): 903–944. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.00969.x.
- ^ "Sea Monsters: A Walking With Dinosaurs Trilogy". BBC.
Sources[]
- Haines, Tim; Paul Chambers (2006). The Complete Guide to Prehistoric Life. Canada: Firefly Books. p. 89.
- Diffily, Deborah; Karen Carr (2004). Jurassic Shark. HarperCollins Publishers.
- Hybodontiformes
- Prehistoric shark genera
- Permian sharks
- Triassic sharks
- Jurassic sharks
- Cretaceous sharks
- Prehistoric fish of Africa
- Cretaceous fish of Asia
- Fossils of Uzbekistan
- Bissekty Formation
- Prehistoric fish of Europe
- Hasle Formation
- Prehistoric fish of South America
- Taxa named by Louis Agassiz
- Jurassic fish stubs