ITV Digital

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For the current portfolio of digital channels owned by ITV plc, see ITV Digital Channels Ltd.

ITV Digital plc
FormerlyONdigital plc
TypeJoint venture
IndustryMedia
Founded15 January 1997; 24 years ago (1997-01-15) as ONDigital
Defunct18 October 2002; 18 years ago (2002-10-18)
FateLiquidated
SuccessorFreeview
HeadquartersMarco Polo House,
Battersea, London
,
United Kingdom
ProductsPay TV services and programming
OwnerCarlton Communications
Granada
Footnotes / references
[1]

ITV Digital was a British digital terrestrial television broadcaster which launched a pay-TV service on the world's first digital terrestrial television network. Its main shareholders were Carlton Communications plc and Granada plc, owners of two franchises of the ITV network. Starting as ONdigital in 1998, the service was re-branded as ITV Digital in July 2001.

Low audience figures, piracy issues and an ultimately unaffordable multi-million pound deal with the Football League led to the broadcaster suffering massive losses, forcing it to enter administration in March 2002. Pay television services ceased permanently on 1 May that year, and the remaining free-to-air channels such as BBC One and Channel 4 had ceased when the company was liquidated in October. The terrestrial multiplexes were subsequently taken over by Crown Castle and the BBC to create Freeview later that month.

History[]

British Digital Broadcasting logo (1997–1998)
See also: Digital terrestrial television in the United Kingdom § History

On 31 January 1997, Carlton Television, Granada Television and satellite company British Sky Broadcasting (BSkyB), together created British Digital Broadcasting (BDB) as a joint venture and applied to operate three digital terrestrial television (DTT) licences.[2] They faced competition from a rival, Digital Television Network (DTN), a company created by cable operator CableTel (later known as NTL).[3] On 25 June 1997, BDB won the auction and the Independent Television Commission (ITC) awarded the sole broadcast licence for DTT to the consortium. Then on 20 December 1997, the ITC awarded three pay-TV digital multiplex licences to BDB.

That same year, however, the ITC forced BSkyB out of the consortium on competition grounds; this effectively placed Sky in direct competition with the new service as Sky would also launch its digital satellite service in 1998, although Sky was still required to provide key channels such as Sky Movies and Sky Sports to ONdigital.[4] With Sky part of the consortium, ONdigital would have paid discounted rates to carry Sky's television channels. Instead, with its positioning as a competitor, Sky charged the full market rates for the channels, at an extra cost of around £60million a year to ONdigital.[5] On 28 July 1998, BDB announced the service would be called ONdigital,[6] and claimed it would be the biggest television brand launch in history.[7] The company would be based in Marco Polo House, now demolished, in Battersea, south London, which was previously the home of BSkyB's earlier rival, British Satellite Broadcasting (BSB).

Six multiplexes were set up, with three of them allocated to the existing analogue broadcasters. The other three multiplexes were auctioned off. ONdigital was given one year from the award of the licence to launch the first DTT service. In addition to launching audio and video services, it also led the specification of an industry-wide advanced interactive engine, based on MHEG-5. This was an open standard that was used by all broadcasters on DTT.

The launch[]

ONdigital logo from 1998 until 2001

ONdigital was officially launched on 15 November 1998 amid a large public ceremony featuring celebrity Ulrika Jonsson and fireworks around the Crystal Palace transmitting station.[8] Its competitor Sky Digital had already debuted on 1 October.[9] The service launched with 12 primary channels, which included the new BBC Choice and ITV2 channels; a subscription package featuring channels such as Sky One, Cartoon Network, E4, UKTV channels and many developed in-house by Carlton and Granada such as Carlton World; premium channels including Sky Sports 1, 2, 3, Sky Premier and Sky MovieMax; and the newly launched FilmFour.[10][11][12]

From the beginning, however, the service was quickly losing money. Supply problems with set-top boxes meant that the company missed Christmas sales. Meanwhile, aggressive marketing by BSkyB for Sky Digital made the ONdigital offer look unattractive. The new digital satellite service provided a dish, digibox, installation and around 200 channels for £159, a lower price than ONdigital at £199. ONdigital's subscription pricing had been set to compare with the older Sky analogue service of 20 channels.[13] In 1999, digital cable services were launched by NTL, Telewest and Cable & Wireless.[14]

In February 1999, ITV secured the rights for UEFA Champions League football matches for four years,[15] which would partly be broadcast through ONdigital and two new sports channels on the platform, Champions ON 28 and Champions ON 99 (later renamed ONsport 1 and ONsport 2 when it secured the rights to ATP tennis games), the latter of which timeshared with Carlton Cinema.[16] Throughout 1999, channels including MTV and British Eurosport launched on the platform.[17] The exclusive Carlton Kids and Carlton World channels closed in 2000 to make way for two Discovery channels.[18]

ONdigital reported in April 1999 that it had 110,000 subscribers. Sky Digital, however, had over 350,000 by this time.[14] By March 2000, there were 673,000 ONdigital customers.[19]

The first interactive digital service was launched in mid-1999, called ONgames. On 7 March 2000, ONmail was launched which provided an interactive e-mail service.[20] A deal with multiplex operator SDN led to the launch of pay-per-view service ONrequest on 1 May 2000. In June 2000, ONoffer was launched. On 18 September 2000, the internet TV service ONnet was launched.[21]

On 17 June 2000, ONdigital agreed to a major £315 million three-year deal with the Football League to broadcast 88 live Nationwide League and Worthington Cup matches from the 2001–02 season.[22]

Problems[]

ONdigital's growth slowed throughout 2000, and by the start of 2001 the number of subscribers stopped increasing; meanwhile, its competitor Sky Digital was still growing. The ONdigital management team responded with a series of free set top box promotions, initially at retailers such as Currys and Dixons, when ONdigital receiving equipment was purchased at the same time as a television set or similarly priced piece of equipment. These offers eventually became permanent, with the set-top box loaned to the customer at no charge for as long as they continued to subscribe to ONdigital, an offer that was matched by Sky. ONdigital's churn rate, a measure of the number of subscribers leaving the service, reached 28% during 2001.[23]

Additional problems for ONdigital were the choice of 64QAM broadcast mode, which when coupled with far weaker than expected broadcast power, meant that the signal was weak in many areas; a complex pricing structure with many options; a poor-quality subscriber management system (adapted from Canal+); a paper magazine TV guide whereas BSkyB had an electronic programme guide (EPG); insufficient technical customer services; and much signal piracy. While there was a limited return path provided via an in-built 2400 baud modem, there was no requirement, as there was with BSkyB, to connect the set-top box's modem to a phone line.

Loaned equipment[]

Later problems occurred when ONdigital began to sell prepaid set-top boxes (under the name ONprepaid) from November 1999. This bundle sold in high street stores and supermarkets at a price that included – in theory – the set-top box on loan and the first year's subscription package.[24] These prepaid boxes amounted to 50% of sales in December 1999.[25] Thousands of these packages were also sold at well below retail price on auction sites such as the then-popular QXL. As the call to activate the viewing card did not require any bank details, many ONdigital boxes which were technically on loan were at unverifiable addresses. This was later changed so a customer could not walk away with a box without ONdigital verifying their address. Many customers did not activate the viewing card at all, although where the viewer's address was known, ONdigital would write informing them that they must activate before a certain deadline.[citation needed]

Piracy[]

The ONdigital pay-per-view channels were encrypted using a system – SECA MediaGuard – which had subsequently been cracked. ONdigital did not update this system, therefore it was possible to produce and sell counterfeit subscription cards which would give access to all the channels.[26] About 100,000 pirate cards were in circulation by 2002, and these played a role in the demise of the broadcaster that year.[27]

Rebranding[]

In April 2001 it was said that ONdigital would be 'relaunched' to bring it closer to the ITV network and to better compete with Sky.[28] On 11 July 2001 Carlton and Granada rebranded ONdigital as ITV Digital.[29]

Other services were also rebranded, such as ONnet to ITV Active.[30] A re-branding campaign was launched, with customers being sent ITV Digital stickers to place over the ONdigital logos on their remote controls and set top boxes. The software running on the receivers was not changed, however, and continued to display 'ON' on nearly every screen.

The rebrand was not without controversy, as SMG plc (owner of Scottish Television and Grampian Television), UTV and Channel Television all pointed out that the ITV brand did not belong solely to Carlton and Granada. SMG and UTV initially refused to carry the advertising campaign for ITV Digital and did not allow the ITV Sport Channel space on their multiplex, thus it was not available at launch in most of Scotland and Northern Ireland. The case was resolved in Scotland[31] and the Channel Islands and later still in Northern Ireland, allowing ITV Sport to launch in the non-Carlton and Granada regions, although it was never made available in the Channel Islands, where there was no DTT or cable,[citation needed] and it never appeared on Sky Digital.

Later in 2001, ITV Sport Channel was announced. This would be a premium sport channel, and would broadcast English football games as per the company's deal with the Football League in 2000, as well as ATP tennis games and Champions League games previously covered by ONsport 1 and ONsport 2. The channel launched on 11 August of that year.[32]

Downfall[]

The service reached 1 million subscribers by January 2001, whereas Sky Digital had 5.7 million. Granada reported £69 million in losses in the first six months of 2001, leading some investors to urge it to close or sell ONdigital/ITV Digital.[33] ITV Digital was unable to make a deal to put the ITV Sport Channel on Sky, which could have given the channel access to millions of Sky customers and generated income; the channel was only licensed to cable company NTL. Subscriptions for ONnet/ITV Active, its internet service, peaked at around 100,000 customers.[34] ITV Digital had a 12% share of digital subscribers as of December 2001.[35] ITV Digital and Granada cut jobs that month.[36][37] By 2002, the company was thought to be losing up to £1 million per day.[38]

In February 2002, Carlton and Granada said that ITV Digital needed an urgent "fundamental restructuring".[39] The biggest cost the company faced was its three-year deal with the Football League,[40][41] which was already deemed too expensive by critics when agreed, as it was inferior to the top-flight Premiership coverage from Sky Sports.[42] It was reported on 21 March 2002 that ITV Digital had proposed paying only £50 million for its remaining two years in the Football League deal, a reduction of £129m. Chiefs from the League said that any reduction in the payment could threaten the existence of many football clubs, which had budgeted for large incomes from the television contract.[43]

Administration[]

On 27 March 2002, ITV Digital was placed in administration as it was unable to pay the full amount due to the Football League.[44] Later, as chances of its survival remained bleak, the Football League sued Carlton and Granada, claiming that the firms had breached their contract in failing to deliver the guaranteed income. However, on 1 August the league lost the case, with the judge ruling that it had "failed to extract sufficient written guarantees".[45] The league then filed a negligence claim against its own lawyers for failing to press for a written guarantee at the time of the deal with ITV Digital. From this, in June 2006, it was awarded a paltry £4 in damages of the £150m it was seeking.[46] The collapse put in doubt the government's ambition to switch off analogue terrestrial TV signals by 2010.[47]

Despite several interested parties, the administrators were unable to find a buyer for the company and effectively put it into liquidation on 26 April 2002.[48] Most subscription channels stopped broadcasting on ITV Digital on 1 May 2002 at 7 am, with only free-to-air services continuing.[49][50] The next day, ITV chief executive Stuart Prebble quit.[51] In all, 1,500 jobs were lost by ITV Digital's collapse.[52] ITV Digital was eventually placed into liquidation on 18 October, with debts of £1.25 billion.[53]

Post-collapse[]

By 30 April 2002, the Independent Television Commission (ITC) had revoked ITV Digital's broadcasting licence and started looking for a buyer. A consortium made up of the BBC and Crown Castle submitted an application on 13 June,[54] later joined by BSkyB, and were awarded the licence on 4 July.[55] They launched the Freeview service on 30 October 2002, offering 30 free-to-air TV channels and 20 free-to-air radio channels including several interactive channels such as BBC Red Button and Teletext, but no subscription or premium services.[56] Those followed on 31 March 2004 when Top Up TV began broadcasting 11 pay TV channels in timeshared broadcast slots.

From 10 December 2002, ITV Digital's liquidators started to ask customers to return their set top boxes or pay a £39.99 fee.[57] Had this been successful, it could have threatened to undermine the fledgling Freeview service, since at the time most digital terrestrial receivers in households were ONdigital and ITV Digital legacy hardware. In January 2003, Carlton and Granada stepped in and paid £2.8m to the liquidators to allow the boxes to stay with their customers, because at the time the ITV companies received a discount on their broadcasting licence payments based on the number of homes they had converted to digital television. It was also likely done to avoid further negativity towards the two companies.[58]

During the time under administration, Carlton and Granada were in talks regarding a merger, which was eventually cleared in 2004.[59]

Effect on football clubs[]

ITV Digital's collapse contributed to Bradford City F.C. being put into administration

ITV Digital's collapse had a large effect on many football clubs. Bradford City F.C. was one of the affected, and its debt forced it into administration in May 2002.[60][61]

Barnsley F.C. also entered administration in October 2002, despite the club making a profit for the twelve years prior to the collapse of ITV Digital.[62][63] Barnsley had budgeted on the basis that the money from the ITV Digital deal would be received, leaving a £2.5 million shortfall in their accounts when the broadcaster collapsed.[63]

Clubs were forced to slash staff, and some players were forced to be sold as they were unable to pay them. Some clubs increased ticket prices for fans to offset the losses.[64]

The rights to show Football League matches were resold to Sky Sports for £95 million for the next four years compared to £315 million over three years from ITV Digital, leading to a reduction from £2 million per season to £700,000 in broadcasting revenue for First Division clubs.[65][66]

In total, fourteen Football League clubs were placed in administration within four years of the collapse of ITV Digital, compared to four in the four years before.[66]

News Corporation hacking allegations[]

On 31 March 2002, French cable company Canal+ accused Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation in the United States of extracting the UserROM code from its MediaGuard encryption cards and leaking it onto the internet.[67] Canal+ brought a lawsuit against News Corporation alleging that it, through its subsidiary NDS (which provides encryption technology for Sky and other TV services from Murdoch), had been working on breaking the MediaGuard smartcards used by Canal+, ITV Digital and other non-Murdoch-owned TV companies throughout Europe.[68][69] The action was later partially dropped after News Corporation agreed to buy Canal+'s struggling Italian operation , a direct rival to a Murdoch-owned company in that country.[70][71]

Other legal action by EchoStar/NagraStar was being pursued as late as August 2005, accusing NDS of the same wrongdoing.[72] In 2008, NDS was found to have broken piracy laws by hacking EchoStar Communications' smart card system, however only $1,500 in statutory damages was awarded.[73]

Rupert Murdoch possibly used hacking to indirectly weaken ITV Digital

On 26 March 2012, an investigation from BBC's Panorama found evidence that one of News Corporation's subsidiaries sabotaged ITV Digital. It found that NDS hacked ONdigital/ITV Digital smartcard data and leaked them through a pirate website under Murdoch's control – actions which enabled pirated cards to flood the market.[74][75] The accusations arose from emails obtained by the BBC, and an interview with Lee Gibling, the operator of a hacking website, who claimed he was paid up to £60,000 per year by Ray Adams, NDS's head of security.[76] This would mean that Murdoch used computer hacking to directly undermine rival ITV Digital. Lawyers for News Corporation claimed that these accusations of illegal activities against a rival business are "false and libellous".[77] In June 2013 the Metropolitan Police decided to look into these allegations following a request by Labour MP Tom Watson.[78]

Marketing[]

ITV Digital ran an advertising campaign involving the comedian Johnny Vegas as Al and a knitted monkey simply called Monkey, voiced by Ben Miller. A knitted replica of Monkey could be obtained by signing up to ITV Digital. Because the monkey could not be obtained without signing up to the service, a market for second-hand monkeys developed. At one time, original ITV Digital Monkeys were fetching several hundred pounds on eBay,[79] and knitting patterns delivered by email were sold for several pounds. The campaign was created by the advertising agency Mother.[80] In August 2002, following ITV Digital's collapse, Vegas claimed that he was owed money for the advertisements.[81] In early 2007, Monkey and Al reappeared in an advert for PG Tips tea, which at first included a reference to ITV Digital's downfall.

Set top boxes[]

ONdigital viewing card

This is a list of ex-ITV and ONdigital set-top boxes. All boxes used similar software, with the design of the user interface common to all models. Top Up TV provided a small update in 2004 which upgraded minor technicalities with encryption services.

  • Nokia Mediamaster 9850T
  • Pace Micro Technology DTR-730, DTR-735
  • Philips DTX 6370, DTX 6371, DTX 6372
  • Pioneer DBR-T200, DBR-T210
  • Sony VTX-D500U
  • Toshiba DTB2000

All these set top boxes (and some ONdigital-branded integrated TVs) become obsolete after the digital switchover, completed in 2012, as post-switchover broadcasts utilised a newer 8k modulation scheme with which this earlier equipment was not compatible.[citation needed]

iDTVs[]

ONdigital and ITV Digital could also be received with an Integrated Digital Television (iDTV) receiver. They used a conditional-access module (CAM) with a smart card, plugged into a DVB Common Interface slot in the back of the set.

Purchasers of iDTVs were given a substantially discounted price on using the ONdigital service, as there was no cost for a set-top box.

Some of the original iDTVs needed firmware upgrades to work with the CAM. For example, Sony sent technicians out to homes to make the necessary updates free of charge.

Carlton/Granada digital television channels[]

Carlton and Granada (later ITV Digital Channels Ltd) created a selection of channels which formed some of the core content of channels available via the service, which were:

Channel name Channel no. Year removed Reason/Notes
Carlton Kids 34 2000 Timeshared with Carlton World. Replaced by a timeshare of Discovery Kids and Discovery Wings.
Carlton Select 35 2000
Carlton World 34 2000 Timeshared with Carlton Kids. Replaced by a timeshare of Discovery Kids and Discovery Wings.
First ONdigital 20 2000
ONsport 1 99 2001 Originally known as Champions ON 99. Replaced by ITV Sport Channel, ITV Sport Extra and ITV Sport Select.
ONsport 2 28/98 2001 Originally known as Champions ON 28, then Champions ON 98. Timeshared with Carlton Cinema. Replaced by ITV Sport Channel, ITV Sport Extra and ITV Sport Select.
Taste CFN 35 2001 Known as Carlton Food Network until 1 May 2001. Timeshared with Carlton Select.
Granada Breeze 31 2002 Known as Granada Good Life until 1 May 1998. Timesharing with Men & Motors.
ITV Select 50 2002 Known as ONrequest until 22 August 2001.
ITV Sport Channel 20 2002
ITV Sport Extra 99 2002
ITV Sport Select 98 2002
Shop! 19 2002 Joint venture between Granada and Littlewoods.
Wellbeing 47 2002 Joint venture between Granada and Boots. Replaced ONoffer service.
Carlton Cinema 28 2003 Timeshared with Champions ON 28/98, then timeshared with ONsport 2.
Plus 30 2004 Known as Granada Plus until 1998, then G Plus until 2002. Closed due to launch of ITV3.
ITV News Channel 48 2005 Known as ITN News Channel until after the collapse of ITV Digital.
Men & Motors 31 2010 Known as Granada Men & Motors until 2001. Timeshared with Granada Breeze.
ITV2 6 N/A Still broadcasting.

See also[]

Notes[]

  1. ^ "BBC NEWS | Business | ITV Digital put into liquidation". BBC News. 18 October 2002. Retrieved 5 November 2018.
  2. ^ "Carlton, Granada, and BSkyB form British Digital Broadcasting".
  3. ^ "British Digital Broadcasting targets 1 million viewers".
  4. ^ Itv Big Two lead digital revolution. Eric Reguly and Carol Midgley. The Times, Wednesday, 25 June 1997
  5. ^ "Monkey Business". The Money Programme. 12 June 2002. 14 minutes in. BBC Two.
  6. ^ "UK Digital turn on for ONdigital". BBC News. 28 July 1998. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
  7. ^ "BBC News – UK – D-day for digital TV". news.bbc.co.uk.
  8. ^ "BBC News – The Company File – First shots in Digital TV war". news.bbc.co.uk.
  9. ^ "BBC News – Edinburgh Festival – Digital TV makers plan cheaper packages". news.bbc.co.uk.
  10. ^ "ONdigital line-up and launch date unveiled".
  11. ^ "ONdigital Announces Channel Packages And Launch Date". MediaTel. 28 September 1998. Archived from the original on 20 April 2002. Retrieved 4 March 2007.
  12. ^ "MEDIA: ONdigital to challenge Sky – Unfazed by supply problems with its set-top boxes, pay-TV company ONdigital remains optimistic about its recent launch and its power to compete with Sky, writes Conor Dignam".
  13. ^ "BBC News – Entertainment – BSkyB to woo digital market". news.bbc.co.uk.
  14. ^ Jump up to: a b "BBC News – Entertainment – Digital cable TV 'will be a hit'". news.bbc.co.uk.
  15. ^ "Timeline: a history of TV football rights". The Guardian. 25 February 2003.
  16. ^ "ONtrack again – Digital – Transdiffusion". www.transdiffusion.org.
  17. ^ Wiseman, Andrew. "Digital TV". 625.uk.com.
  18. ^ "Discovery channels boost ONdigital".
  19. ^ "Analysis: Brand spend analysis – ONdigital will continue to spend heavily on ITV as it vies with Sky for viewers".
  20. ^ "Ondigital on course for 1 million customers". PR Newswire.
  21. ^ "ONnet Hits The Streets With More Than 40 Brands On Board". Service Engineers Forum. 18 September 2000.
  22. ^ "£315m nets ONdigital and ITV League rights".
  23. ^ "Monkey Business". The Money Programme. 12 June 2002. 19 minutes in. BBC Two.
  24. ^ "ONdigital prepaid digital boxes go sales UK-wide".
  25. ^ Macalister, Terry (12 January 2000). "ONdigital reports 34% rise in sales". The Guardian.
  26. ^ "Tempting the digital refuseniks". BBC News. 19 March 2002.
  27. ^ "Background to failure of the digital dream". 2002.
  28. ^ "Ondigital 'faces relaunch'". BBC News. 23 April 2001.
  29. ^ "Ondigital relaunches as ITV Digital". BBC News. 11 July 2001.
  30. ^ "Ondigital relaunches as ITV Digital". BBC News. 11 July 2001.
  31. ^ "ITV Digital gets support from SMG". Sport Business. 28 September 2001. Archived from the original on 20 March 2007. Retrieved 2 March 2007.
  32. ^ "ONdigital plans premium sports channel".
  33. ^ "Granada urged to ditch ONdigital". BBC News. 27 June 2001.
  34. ^ Digital Terrestrial Television in Europe edited by Allan Brown, Robert G. Picard
  35. ^ "A cold climate for digital TV". BBC News. 11 December 2001.
  36. ^ "ITV Digital to cut 550 jobs". BBC News. 14 December 2001.
  37. ^ "Viewers desert ITV Digital". BBC News. 12 February 2002.
  38. ^ "ITV Digital administrators offered extra time".
  39. ^ "ITV Digital in crisis, owners say". BBC News. 27 February 2002.
  40. ^ "ITV Digital's flickering future". BBC News. 5 March 2002.
  41. ^ "ITV Digital football contract 'binding'". BBC News. 5 March 2002.
  42. ^ Fox, Paul (26 March 2002). "ITV's expensive miscalculation". The Daily Telegraph.
  43. ^ "Football chiefs reject ITV deal". BBC News. 21 March 2002.
  44. ^ "ITV Digital goes broke". BBC News. 27 March 2002.
  45. ^ "League loses football cash battle". BBC News. 1 August 2002.
  46. ^ "Football League loses damages bid". BBC News. 23 June 2006.
  47. ^ Cassy, John; Wells, Matt (28 March 2002). "ITV Digital staggers towards collapse". The Guardian.
  48. ^ Correspondent, George Trefgarne, Financial (25 April 2002). "ITV Digital faces closure 'within days'". The Daily Telegraph.
  49. ^ "ITV Digital RIP".
  50. ^ "Race to find digital broadcaster". BBC News. 1 May 2002.
  51. ^ "Top man at ITV quits". BBC News. 2 May 2002.
  52. ^ "BSkyB needs 150,000 ITV customers to recoup £70m".
  53. ^ Gibson, Owen (21 January 2003). "ITV bosses box clever over set-top giveaway". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
  54. ^ "BBC – Press Office – Digital Terrestrial". www.bbc.co.uk.
  55. ^ "BBC wins ex-ITV digital licences". The Daily Telegraph. 3 July 2002.
  56. ^ "Freeview's 'fresh start' for digital TV". BBC News. 30 October 2002.
  57. ^ "Viewers told to return set-top boxes". BBC News. 10 December 2002.
  58. ^ "ITV Digital viewers 'can keep' boxes". BBC News. 19 September 2018.
  59. ^ Litterick, David (7 October 2003). "ITV cleared for a united kingdom". The Daily Telegraph.
  60. ^ "Bradford ready for greatest comeback in club's history".
  61. ^ "Bradford City put into administration". 16 May 2002.
  62. ^ Staff and agencies (3 October 2002). "Barnsley go into administration". The Guardian.
  63. ^ Jump up to: a b "ITV Digital collapse almost destroyed us – now I fear SPL sides could suffer same fate, warns ex-Barnsley chairman". Daily Record. 10 June 2009. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  64. ^ "The Effect of the ITV Digital Collapse on Lower League Football". 12 March 2014.
  65. ^ "Football League agrees £95m TV deal". BBC News. 5 July 2002.
  66. ^ Jump up to: a b "Earthquake: The Collapse of ITV Digital". twohundredpercent.net. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  67. ^ Cassy, John; Paul Murphy (13 March 2002). "How codebreakers cracked the secrets of the smart card". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 25 February 2008.
  68. ^ Bennett, Neil (31 March 2002). "ITV Digital set to sue Murdoch". The Daily Telegraph. London.
  69. ^ [1]
  70. ^ "Vivendi settles row with NDS". The Guardian. London. 2 May 2003. Retrieved 20 May 2008.
  71. ^ Tryhorn, Chris (30 April 2002). "Murdoch lines up Sky Italia". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 20 May 2008.
  72. ^ Sullivan, Bob. "Pay-TV piracy flap intensifies". NBC News. Retrieved 25 February 2008.
  73. ^ "EchoStar Wins Battle, Loses War In News Corp. Piracy Case". Multichannel News. Retrieved 21 June 2008.
  74. ^ "NDS accused of ITV Digital card hack". 27 March 2012.
  75. ^ "Murdoch firm accused of hacking". BBC News. BBC. 27 March 2012.
  76. ^ "Murdoch's TV Pirates". BBC. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
  77. ^ Leigh, David (26 March 2012). "Questions for News Corp over rival's collapse". The Guardian.
  78. ^ Sweney, Mark (7 June 2013). "Met looks into claims ex-News Corp subsidiary aided attack on pay-TV rival". The Guardian.
  79. ^ ITV Monkey funds TV shopping start-up Archived 9 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine silicon.com, 11 July 2002
  80. ^ Cassy, John (2 May 2002). "ITV Monkey in custody battle". guardian.co.uk.
  81. ^ "Vegas 'owed money for Monkey ads'". BBC News. 19 August 2002.

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