Iblul-Il (reigned c. 2380 BC),[2] was the most energetic king (Lugal) of the second Mariote kingdom, noted for his extensive campaigns in the middle Euphrates valley against the Eblaites, and in the upper Tigris region against various opponents, which asserted the Mariote supremacy in the Syrian north.
Iblul-Il is attested in Mari, where statues bearing his name were excavated in 1952 from the city's temples.[3] However, the deeds of the king are recorded in a letter sent to Ebla by , a successor of Iblul-Il.[4]
Campaigns[]
Second Mariote kingdom during the reign of Iblul-Il
Iblul-Il campaigned extensively against Ebla and its vassals and allies.[4] The offensive was probably due to Ebla's increasing militaristic character, and was meant to block the trade route between Kish, Nagar and Ebla.[5] Iblul-Il was a contemporary of Ebla's king Igrish-Halam,[5] and is mentioned in the letter of Enna-Dagan campaigning in the middle Euphrates defeating the city of ,[6] and engaging in a victorious battle with Abarsal in the region of Zahiran,[note 1][8] which he destroyed.[6] Next, Iblul-Il campaigned in the region of Burman of the land of , where he defeated the cities of , and .[6] The campaigns continued as the king sacked the cities of and ,[6]
and advanced on and , receiving the tribute from Ebla at the city of Mane,[9] and from the fortress , then continued his march and conquered Emar.[6]
In the Tigris valley, Iblul-Il defeated the cities of , and from the region of Gasur, at a battle in the land of .[note 2][10] Iblul-Il is finally mentioned in the letter conquering the Eblaite cities of , , and .[note 3][6] The Mariote king successfully achieved his goals and weakened Ebla, exacting a great amount of tribute in the form of gold and silver.[5]
Succession[]
Iblul-Il was succeeded by .[13] The letter of Enna-Dagan is extremely difficult to read,[14] and early decipherment presented the author as a general of Ebla who defeated and deposed Iblul-Il.[15] However, newer readings confirmed Enna-Dagan as a king from Mari,[6] and further decipherment of the archives of Ebla showed Enna-Dagan receiving gifts from Ebla as a prince of Mari during the reigns of his Mariote predecessors.[16][17]
^Abarsal is probably located along the Euphrates river east of Ebla.[7]
^According to , those three cities belonged to the region named Gasur-Nuzi in the northern Tigris area.[10] However, other scholars such as place Gasur in the middle to the northwest of Mari.[11]
^Archi, Alfonso (2011). "Alfonso Archi and Maria Giovanna Biga, In Search of Armi". Journal of Cuneiform Studies. The American Schools of Oriental Research. 63: 5–34. doi:10.5615/jcunestud.63.0005. JSTOR10.5615/jcunestud.63.0005. S2CID163552750.
Bonechi, Marco (1998). "Remarks on the III Millennium Geographical Names of the Syrian Upper Mesopotamia". In Lebeau, Marc (ed.). About Subartu. Studies Devoted to Upper Mesopotamia. Volume I: Landscape, Archeology, Settlement. Volume II: Culture, society, Image. Subartu (SUBART). 4. Brepols Publishers. ISBN978-2-503-50652-4.
Isin-Larsa period (Amorites) Dynasty of Isin: Ishbi-ErraShu-IlishuIddin-DaganIshme-DaganLipit-EshtarUr-NinurtaBur-SuenLipit-EnlilErra-imittiEnlil-baniZambiyaIter-pishaUr-du-kugaSuen-magirDamiq-ilishu Dynasty of Larsa: NaplanumEmisumSamiumZabaiaGungunumAbisareSumuelNur-AdadSin-IddinamSin-EribamSin-IqishamSilli-AdadWarad-SinRim-Sin I (...) Rim-Sin II Uruk VI dynasty: Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk S��n-kāšid Sîn-iribam Sîn-gāmil Ilum-gamil Anam of Uruk Irdanene Rim-Anum Nabi-ilišu
Ptolemaic dynasty Ptolemy I SoterPtolemy KeraunosPtolemy II PhiladelphusArsinoe II♀Ptolemy III EuergetesBerenice II Euergetis♀Ptolemy IV PhilopatorArsinoe III Philopator♀Ptolemy V EpiphanesCleopatra I Syra♀Ptolemy VI PhilometorPtolemy VII Neos PhilopatorCleopatra II Philometor Soter♀Ptolemy VIII PhysconCleopatra III♀Ptolemy IX LathyrosCleopatra IV♀Ptolemy X AlexanderBerenice III♀Ptolemy XI AlexanderPtolemy XII AuletesCleopatra V♀Cleopatra VI Tryphaena♀Berenice IV Epiphanea♀Ptolemy XIIIPtolemy XIVCleopatra VII Philopator♀Ptolemy XV CaesarionArsinoe IV♀
Hellenistic Period
Argead dynasty: Alexander IPhilipAlexander IIAntigonus
Seleucid Empire: Seleucus IAntiochus IAntiochus IISeleucus IISeleucus IIIAntiochus IIISeleucus IVAntiochus IVAntiochus VDemetrius IAlexander IIIDemetrius IIAntiochus VI DionysusDiodotus TryphonAntiochus VII Sidetes
141–30 BCE
Kingdom of Judea Simon ThassiJohn HyrcanusAristobulus IAlexander JannaeusSalome Alexandra♀Hyrcanus IIAristobulus IIAntigonus II Mattathias
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